CAV1 (Caveolin-1): CAV1 is a key structural protein of caveolae — small invaginations in the plasma membrane found in many vertebrate cells. It plays an important role in cellular processes such as signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and endocytosis. Acting as a scaffolding protein, CAV1 regulates multiple signalling pathways, including the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is essential for maintaining vascular tone and blood flow. Alterations in CAV1 expression or function have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.