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The GetTested DNA Immunity & Inflammation test reveals your genetic tendencies towards inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. By examining genes linked to conditions like CRP (inflammation), psoriasis, and gluten sensitivity (celiac disease), as well as your response to common allergens and pathogens, it offers a deep dive into how your immune system functions.

<p>The GetTested DNA Immunity & Inflammation test reveals your genetic tendencies towards inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and infections. By examining genes linked to conditions like CRP (inflammation), psoriasis, and gluten sensitivity (celiac disease), as well as your response to common allergens and pathogens, it offers a deep dive into how your immune system functions.</p>

DNA Immunity & Inflammation Test

TTN (Titin): TTN is one of the largest proteins in the human body, predominantly found in muscle tissues. It plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and elasticity. TTN acts like a molecular spring, providing structural support to muscle fibres and enabling them to contract and relax efficiently. Mutations in the TTN gene have been associated with several muscle-related disorders, including muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy.

KCND3 (Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily D Member 3): KCND3 encodes a voltage-gated potassium channel protein predominantly found in the heart and brain. It plays a role in regulating the electrical activity of cardiac and neuronal cells, and mutations in KCND3 have been associated with certain cardiac arrhythmias and neurodevelopmental disorders.

KCND3

COG6 (Component Of Oligomeric Golgi Complex 6): COG6 is a key component of the COG complex, which is essential for normal Golgi function and vesicular trafficking. It plays a vital role in maintaining Golgi structure and ensuring proper glycosylation of proteins, a critical post-translational modification. Mutations in COG6 can cause congenital disorders of glycosylation, leading to a range of clinical symptoms such as developmental delay and neurological issues.

COG6

PIK3R1 (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Regulatory Subunit 1): PIK3R1 is a gene that encodes a regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), a crucial component in signalling pathways that regulate cell growth, proliferation, and survival. Mutations in PIK3R1 are associated with various cancers and serve as targets for cancer therapies. Additionally, it plays a role in insulin signalling and is linked to diabetes and metabolic syndromes.

PIK3R1

MTRES1 (Mitochondrial tRNA Editing Site 1): MTRES1 is a gene involved in the editing of mitochondrial tRNA (transfer RNA). tRNAs are essential molecules for protein synthesis within mitochondria. MTRES1 likely plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy of mitochondrial protein translation by editing tRNAs.

MTRES1

COL13A1 (Collagen Type XIII Alpha 1 Chain): COL13A1 encodes a transmembrane collagen involved in the structure and function of connective tissues. It supports cell adhesion, maintains muscle integrity, and stabilises the neuromuscular junction. Changes in COL13A1 activity are linked to muscle disorders and are being investigated in relation to connective tissue diseases and cancer metastasis.

COL13A1

PFKFB3, or 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3, is an enzyme that plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism, specifically in glycolysis. It regulates the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP), a powerful allosteric activator of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1), which is a critical enzyme in glycolysis. By controlling F2,6BP levels, PFKFB3 promotes PFK-1 activity, enhancing the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) and boosting the flow of glucose through the glycolytic pathway.

PFKFB3

SEM1 (Semaphorin 1): SEM1, also known as 26S proteasome complex subunit DSS1, is a protein involved in DNA repair and the regulation of protein degradation via the proteasome. It helps maintain cellular protein homeostasis and genomic integrity. Dysfunction of SEM1 may contribute to cancer and other diseases associated with proteasome malfunction.

SEM1

ST18 (Suppression of Tumourigenicity 18): ST18 is a gene associated with tumour suppression and the regulation of inflammation. It may help control cell growth and modulate immune responses, contributing to the prevention of tumour development.

ST18

HMCN1 (Hemicentin 1): HMCN1 is a large extracellular matrix protein that plays a vital role in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity. It is particularly important in the eye, contributing to the structure of the retina and vitreous body. Mutations in HMCN1 have been associated with age-related macular degeneration and other ocular conditions.

HMCN1

TBX20 (T-Box 20): TBX20 is a gene that encodes a transcription factor essential for heart development and function. It plays a key role in cardiac cell differentiation and heart morphogenesis. Mutations in TBX20 are associated with congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathies.

TBX20

CNR2 (Cannabinoid Receptor 2): CNR2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds cannabinoids and is primarily expressed in the immune system. It plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, inflammation, and pain. Activation of CNR2 can produce anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, making it a significant target for treating inflammatory diseases, pain, and conditions requiring immune modulation. Understanding the function of CNR2 offers promising therapeutic potential for autoimmune disorders, chronic pain, and other related conditions.

CNR2

TENM3 (Teneurin-3): TENM3 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein from the teneurin family, which serves as a multifunctional regulator in neural development and synaptic connectivity. This protein directs axonal pathfinding, dendritic growth, and synaptic organisation, playing a crucial role in the formation and refinement of neural circuits. Beyond development, TENM3 also supports synaptic maintenance and plasticity in the adult nervous system, influencing processes such as synaptic pruning and neurotransmitter release. Dysregulation of TENM3 has been associated with neurological disorders including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, emphasising its vital role in brain function.

TENM3

FAM240C (Family With Sequence Similarity 240 Member C): FAM240C is a gene that is not well characterised, with its function still under investigation. Similar to other members of the family, it may be involved in cellular processes such as cell division and signal transduction.

FAM240C

TMEM106B (Transmembrane Protein 106B): TMEM106B is a gene that encodes a protein involved in lysosomal function and neuronal health. Variants of TMEM106B have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Its role in maintaining neuronal function and lysosomal balance makes it important for studying the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.

TMEM106B

TOP1 (DNA Topoisomerase I): TOP1 is a gene that encodes the enzyme DNA topoisomerase I, which plays a key role in DNA replication and repair. This enzyme helps relieve torsional stress in DNA by creating temporary breaks in the double helix. TOP1 is essential for maintaining genomic stability and ensuring accurate DNA replication and transcription.

TOP1

CRHR2 (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2): CRHR2 is a protein that binds corticotropin-releasing hormone, assisting in the regulation of the body’s response to stress. It plays a role in stress signalling, metabolic regulation, and cardiovascular function, and has been researched for its associations with anxiety and heart-related conditions.

CRHR2

FAAH (Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase): FAAH is an enzyme that breaks down endocannabinoids, which play important roles in pain perception, mood regulation, and appetite. By modulating endocannabinoid signalling, FAAH is a target of interest for developing therapies aimed at pain relief, anxiety, and certain neurological disorders.

FAAH

ASTN2 (Astrotactin 2): ASTN2 is a gene that encodes a neural adhesion protein involved in neuronal migration during brain development. It plays a key role in the formation of neural networks and the overall structure of the brain. Genetic variations in ASTN2 have been linked to neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

ASTN2

COL5A1 (Collagen Type V Alpha 1 Chain): COL5A1 is a gene that encodes a component of type V collagen, a protein essential for the structure and integrity of connective tissues. Variants in COL5A1 are linked to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a condition characterised by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and increased tissue fragility.

COL5A1

PEMT (Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase): PEMT is an enzyme that converts phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylcholine in the liver, a crucial step for maintaining the structure of cell membranes and facilitating VLDL secretion. Its activity influences liver function, fat metabolism, and choline requirements, with dysregulation associated with risks of liver and cardiovascular diseases.

PEMT

TAMM41 (TAM41 Mitochondrial Translocator Assembly and Maintenance Protein): TAMM41 is a mitochondrial protein involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. It supports the maintenance of mitochondrial membranes and the proper function of the electron transport chain, which is essential for cellular energy production. TAMM41 is researched for its role in mitochondrial physiology and its potential links to metabolic and mitochondrial disorders.

TAMM41

NR5A2 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 5 Group A Member 2): NR5A2, also known as LRH-1, is a nuclear receptor that regulates essential processes such as cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid synthesis, and steroid hormone production. It also plays a significant role in pancreatic development and function. Altered NR5A2 activity has been associated with metabolic disorders and several cancers, particularly those affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

NR5A2

KL (Klotho): KL encodes a protein associated with ageing and longevity. Klotho helps regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism and is believed to inhibit ageing-related processes. It is of considerable interest in ageing research due to its potential to extend lifespan and enhance age-related health.

FCGR3A (Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor IIIa): FCGR3A, also known as CD16a, is a receptor that binds to the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG). It is expressed on natural killer cells, macrophages, and certain T cells, where it mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and assists in clearing pathogens and antibody-coated cells. Variations in FCGR3A can affect the risk of autoimmune diseases and responses to cancer immunotherapy.

FCGR3A

REL (REL Proto-Oncogene, NF-κB Subunit): REL is a member of the NF-κB family of transcription factors that regulate immune responses, inflammation, cell growth, and survival. It controls the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, and its abnormal activity has been linked to inflammatory diseases and certain cancers, especially lymphomas.

HOMER1 (Homer Scaffold Protein 1): HOMER1 is a scaffolding protein involved in regulating calcium signalling in neurons and muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, neuronal development, and excitation-contraction coupling in muscle. Changes in HOMER1 expression have been linked to neurological disorders, such as schizophrenia and epilepsy, highlighting its importance in neural communication and brain function.

HOMER1

KDSR (3-Ketodihydrosphingosine Reductase): KDSR is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in sphingolipid metabolism. It converts 3-ketodihydrosphingosine into dihydrosphingosine, an essential precursor for ceramide and sphingolipid synthesis. These molecules are vital for maintaining the structure of cell membranes and supporting cell signalling processes.

KDSR

TMEM132B (Transmembrane Protein 132B): TMEM132B is a membrane-bound protein involved in neuronal signalling and synaptic plasticity. It has been associated with anxiety-related traits and is researched for its potential role in anxiety and mood disorders.

TMEM132B

PCDH8 (Protocadherin 8): PCDH8 is a gene that encodes a protein from the protocadherin family, which are cell adhesion molecules essential for forming and maintaining neural networks. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, vital for learning and memory. Dysregulation of PCDH8 has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and is also under investigation for its potential role in tumour suppression due to its function in cell-to-cell communication and nervous system signalling.

PCDH8

DAB1 (Disabled Homolog 1): DAB1 is a protein crucial for brain development, particularly in regulating the positioning and migration of neurons. It plays a central role in the Reelin signalling pathway, which directs the organisation of brain structures during early development. Mutations in DAB1 can cause neurological disorders by impairing the formation of correct neural networks.

DAB1

HHEX (Hematopoietically Expressed Homeobox): HHEX is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in embryonic development and blood cell formation. It plays key roles in the development of the liver, thyroid, and pancreas, as well as in the differentiation of blood cells. Altered HHEX activity has been linked to developmental disorders and certain cancers, including leukaemia.

HHEX

CCND3 (Cyclin D3): CCND3 is a protein that plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle, particularly in the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase. Like CCND2, it is essential for proper cell division. Dysfunctions or abnormalities in CCND3 have been linked to various types of cancer, especially lymphomas and leukaemias.

CCND3

LCE3C (Late Cornified Envelope 3C): LCE3C is a gene that forms part of the late cornified envelope gene cluster, involved in the formation of the cornified envelope in the epidermis. This structure is essential for maintaining the skin’s barrier function. Variations in LCE3C have been associated with skin conditions such as psoriasis, emphasising its role in skin integrity and immune responses.

LCE3C

UCN3 (Urocortin 3) is a peptide hormone belonging to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, primarily expressed in brain regions involved in stress regulation, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and brainstem. It acts as a neuromodulator, affecting stress and anxiety responses by binding to specific CRF receptors and modulating neuronal activity.

UCN3

SEC16B (SEC16 Homolog B): SEC16B is a gene involved in regulating protein trafficking within cells, particularly in the transport pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. It plays a role in protein secretion and is essential for cellular processes such as the ER stress response and protein quality control.

SEC16B

TAFA1 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 1): TAFA1 is a small cytokine-like protein involved in immune regulation and neuronal communication. It belongs to a family of proteins that function as brain-specific chemokines or neurokines, playing important roles in the development and function of the nervous system.

TAFA1

ACKR1 (Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1): ACKR1 is a receptor that binds chemokines without initiating a signal, acting as a decoy to regulate the immune response. Formerly known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), ACKR1 influences leukocyte migration by sequestering chemokines. It also plays a crucial role in malaria resistance by serving as a receptor for Plasmodium vivax. Variations in ACKR1 can affect susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its importance in immunity and disease.

ACKR1

FBH1 (F-Box DNA Helicase 1): FBH1 is a gene that encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA repair and replication. This enzyme plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing the accumulation of DNA damage. Dysfunction in FBH1 can contribute to genomic instability, a common feature in cancer, highlighting its importance in cancer biology and the study of DNA repair mechanisms.

FBH1 (FBD4)

TEK (TEK receptor tyrosine kinase): TEK, also known as TIE2, is a receptor tyrosine kinase primarily expressed in endothelial cells. It plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and the maintenance of blood vessel integrity. TEK signalling is essential for vascular development and has been implicated in various vascular diseases, including venous malformations and angiosarcoma. Its role in angiogenesis also makes it a target for cancer therapy, especially in tumours where the formation of new blood vessels is a key factor for growth and metastasis.

TRAPPC14 (Trafficking Protein Particle Complex 14): TRAPPC14 is a component of the TRAPP complex, which plays a crucial role in vesicular transport within cells. This protein helps regulate trafficking between membranous organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. TRAPPC14 is part of the cellular machinery that ensures the precise delivery of cargo proteins and lipids across compartments, essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Its role is particularly important in protein secretion, membrane formation, and organelle integrity.

TRAPPC14

IFNK (Interferon kappa): IFNK is a cytokine belonging to the interferon family that plays a key role in regulating immune responses, particularly in skin and mucosal immunity. It helps modulate inflammation and antiviral defences by interacting with specific receptors on target cells. IFNK is primarily expressed in epithelial tissues, where it supports defence against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. It also contributes to tissue homeostasis and the regulation of epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of IFNK signalling has been linked to various immune-related conditions.

IFNK

TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4): TLR4 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the toll-like receptor family, essential for the innate immune system. It recognises bacterial lipopolysaccharides and plays a key role in triggering immune responses to pathogens. Dysregulation of TLR4 has been associated with various diseases, including sepsis, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune disorders.

TLR4

SMARCA2 (SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix-Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 2): SMARCA2 is a gene that encodes a core component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. It plays a key role in regulating gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. Mutations in SMARCA2 are linked to disorders such as Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome, which involves intellectual disability and sparse hair. Its function is essential for proper gene regulation and development.

SMARCA2

CAPS (Calcium-Activated Protease Substrate): CAPS is a protein that serves as a substrate for calcium-activated proteases, playing a crucial role in cellular processes regulated by intracellular calcium levels. It is involved in cell migration, division, and apoptosis—key functions for tissue development and repair. CAPS helps regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion, which are essential for maintaining cell structure and function. Its regulation through calcium signalling emphasises its role in cellular homeostasis and responses to physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of CAPS may contribute to various disease states.

CAPS

CDH23 (Cadherin-related 23): CDH23 encodes a protein that belongs to the cadherin superfamily, recognised for its role in cell-to-cell adhesion. CDH23 is particularly crucial for the structure and function of the hair cells in the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. Mutations in CDH23 are linked to Usher syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss, emphasising its importance for sensory function. Research on CDH23 centres on understanding hearing mechanisms and developing treatments for related hearing impairments.

CDH23

ATP10B (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 10B): ATP10B is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the P-type ATPase family, involved in transporting lipids across cellular membranes. While its specific functions are not fully understood, ATP10B may play an important role in lipid metabolism and maintaining cellular homeostasis, with potential links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s.

ATP10B

NANOS1 (Nanos C2HC-Type Zinc Finger 1): NANOS1 is a protein that acts as a post-transcriptional regulator, playing a crucial role in the development of germ cells. It is vital for sustaining germ cell viability and has been associated with research on infertility and germ cell tumours.

NANOS1

PPA2 (Inorganic Pyrophosphatase 2): PPA2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi). This activity is important for cellular energy metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis. Dysfunction in PPA2 may affect energy production and nucleotide metabolism.

PPA2

CNOT4 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 4): CNOT4 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, which plays a key role in regulating gene expression through mechanisms such as mRNA degradation and transcriptional control. This gene is involved in several cellular processes, including immune response and development. Dysregulation of CNOT4 has been linked to cancer and other diseases, highlighting its importance in gene regulation and disease.

CNOT4

AUTS2 (Activator Of Transcription And Developmental Regulator AUTS2): AUTS2 is a gene involved in neurodevelopment and associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. It plays a role in gene regulation and brain development, with mutations potentially impacting neural growth and function.

AUTS2

TAP2 (Transporter 2, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member): TAP2 is a gene that helps regulate antigen presentation in the immune system. It transports peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This process is essential for adaptive immune responses.

TAP2

MAPRE1 (Microtubule-Associated Protein, RP/EB Family, Member 1): MAPRE1, also known as EB1, is a protein involved in stabilising and regulating microtubules, essential components of the cell’s cytoskeleton. It plays a key role in cell division, chromosome segregation, and is important for neuronal development and cancer biology.

MAPRE1

MSTN (Myostatin): MSTN is a protein that acts as a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Reducing or inhibiting myostatin activity can result in increased muscle mass and strength, making MSTN a central focus in research on enhancing muscle growth and treating muscle-wasting conditions.

MSTN

ARHGAP20 (Rho GTPase Activating Protein 20): ARHGAP20 is a gene involved in regulating Rho GTPases, which are key mediators of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell shape, movement, and growth. By promoting the inactivation of Rho GTPases, ARHGAP20 helps control cell migration and maintain cellular structure. Dysregulation of this signalling pathway may contribute to cancer progression, making ARHGAP20 a potential target for studying metastasis and developing anti-metastatic treatments.

ARHGAP20

PON2 (Paraoxonase 2): PON2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme belonging to the paraoxonase family, which plays a role in detoxification and antioxidant defence. This enzyme helps protect cells against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, making it important for cardiovascular health and other conditions related to oxidative damage.

POM2

ATP8B2 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B2): ATP8B2 is a gene that encodes an ATPase enzyme involved in the transport of phospholipids across cell membranes. This process is essential for maintaining membrane integrity and cellular homeostasis. ATP8B2 is believed to play a role in regulating the lipid composition of cell membranes.

ATP8B2

ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme): ACE is a key enzyme in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that influences blood vessel tone, electrolyte levels, and stimulates the release of aldosterone. ACE also plays important roles in heart function, kidney health, and inflammatory processes. Imbalances in ACE activity are associated with conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease.

NPSR1 (Neuropeptide S Receptor 1): NPSR1 is a gene that encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for neuropeptide S, involved in regulating arousal, anxiety, and other behavioural responses. It has been studied for its role in sleep-wake regulation and its potential impact on psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder. Variations in NPSR1 are also linked to susceptibility to asthma and other inflammatory diseases, highlighting its broader significance in health and disease.

NPSR1

FANCI (FA Complementation Group I): FANCI is a key protein in the Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway, essential for DNA repair. It plays a vital role in responding to DNA damage and maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in FANCI can lead to Fanconi anaemia, a disorder marked by bone marrow failure, increased cancer risk, and developmental abnormalities.

FANCI

GALNT2 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2): GALNT2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in glycosylation, adding N-acetylgalactosamine to proteins. This modification is important for proper protein function and cellular communication. Variations in GALNT2 have been linked to lipid metabolism and are associated with blood lipid levels, influencing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

GALNT2

NTN5 (Netrin 5): NTN5 is a member of the netrin family, which are key proteins involved in neural development, particularly in guiding axon growth. While NTN5’s role is less studied compared to other netrins, it is believed to play an important part in nervous system development and may have implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

NTN5

CAV1 (Caveolin-1): CAV1 is a key structural protein of caveolae — small invaginations in the plasma membrane found in many vertebrate cells. It plays an important role in cellular processes such as signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and endocytosis. Acting as a scaffolding protein, CAV1 regulates multiple signalling pathways, including the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is essential for maintaining vascular tone and blood flow. Alterations in CAV1 expression or function have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

CAV1

CPED1 (Cadherin Like And PC-Esterase Domain Containing 1): CPED1 is a protein associated with cell adhesion and signalling. Although its precise biological function remains unclear, it may play a role in developmental processes and has been linked to variations in body mass index and adiposity.

CPED1

LRRC32 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 32): LRRC32, also known as GARP, is a protein involved in regulating immune responses, particularly within T regulatory cells. It plays a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune reactions.

LRRC32

NEDD4L (NEDD4 Like E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase): NEDD4L is a gene that plays a crucial role in regulating ion transport and cellular signalling pathways. It is particularly important in controlling sodium and water balance, making it relevant to hypertension and cardiovascular health. Its function in maintaining homeostasis emphasises its significance in various health conditions.

NEDD4L

PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha): PPARA is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism, particularly in the liver. It plays a key role in the breakdown of fatty acids, promoting their oxidation, and reducing triglyceride levels. PPARA also affects inflammatory pathways and is a therapeutic target for treating hyperlipidaemia.

PPARA

COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain): COL2A1 is a gene that encodes type II collagen, a key structural protein found predominantly in cartilage. This collagen plays a vital role in maintaining cartilage strength and integrity. Mutations in COL2A1 are associated with several skeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis and various forms of chondrodysplasia.

COL2A1

TENT5A (Terminal Nucleotidyltransferase 5A): TENT5A is an enzyme that catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA molecules. It plays a role in RNA processing and modification. Although its specific functions are still being studied, TENT5A may influence important cellular processes.

TENT5A

GLP1R (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor): GLP1R is a receptor for the hormone GLP-1, which plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. When activated by GLP-1 or its analogues, GLP1R enhances insulin release, reduces glucagon secretion, and promotes feelings of fullness, making it an important target in treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity.

GLP1R

NT5DC2 (5'-Nucleotidase Domain Containing 2): NT5DC2 is an enzyme that may be involved in nucleotide metabolism. Although its specific biological functions have not been fully characterised, enzymes in this family generally play important roles in purine and pyrimidine metabolism, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, cellular signalling, and energy transfer.

NT5DC2

PRICKLE1 (Prickle Planar Cell Polarity Protein 1): PRICKLE1 is a gene involved in the planar cell polarity pathway, which coordinates the orientation of cells within tissue planes. It plays a crucial role in neural development and function. Mutations in PRICKLE1 have been associated with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders.

PRICKLE1

ADRA2A (Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor 2A): ADRA2A is a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, controlling vasoconstriction, and mediating the body’s fight-or-flight response.

ADRA2A

TAFA3 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 3): TAFA3 is part of a family of proteins similar to chemokines, involved in immune responses and inflammation. Although its specific role is not fully understood, TAFA3 is believed to help regulate immune cell activity and may contribute to neuroinflammatory processes.

TAFA3

NEBL (Nebulette): NEBL is a gene that encodes a cardiac-specific actin-binding protein essential for the structural integrity and function of heart muscle cells. It plays a key role in organising the actin cytoskeleton, which influences cardiac muscle contraction and overall heart performance. Mutations in NEBL have been linked to cardiomyopathies, highlighting its important role in maintaining cardiac muscle structure and function.

NEBL

CD151 (Cluster of Differentiation 151): CD151 is a cell surface protein that belongs to the tetraspanin family. It plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction by interacting with other proteins on the cell membrane. Through these interactions, CD151 helps regulate cellular communication and movement.

CD151

CNDP1 (Carnosine Dipeptidase 1): CNDP1 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for breaking down carnosine, a dipeptide with potential antioxidant properties. This enzyme plays an important role in metabolic processes and is particularly relevant in diabetes, where it may help protect against diabetic nephropathy. Understanding CNDP1 is key to developing strategies for preventing diabetic complications.

CNDP1

KDR: KDR (also known as VEGFR2) is a gene that plays a central role in angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels. It encodes a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is essential for blood vessel growth, development, and repair. Alterations in KDR can influence processes in cancer, where angiogenesis supports tumour growth, as well as in cardiovascular diseases.

IL1RL1 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1): IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine involved in inflammation and allergic reactions. Also known as ST2, IL1RL1 mediates the effects of IL-33 in the immune system and plays a crucial role in conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases. Its role in the IL-33 signalling pathway makes it a potential target for therapies aimed at treating allergic and inflammatory disorders.

IL1RL1

COPB1 (Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Beta 1): COPB1 is a component of the coatomer protein complex involved in intracellular transport. It is essential for the movement of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, a process vital for proper cell function and accurate protein sorting.

COPB1

PGLYRP2 (Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2): PGLYRP2 is a member of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family, involved in innate immunity by detecting bacterial cell wall components and triggering antibacterial responses. It helps maintain intestinal barrier integrity, supports a balanced gut microbiome, and protects against bacterial infections. PGLYRP2 is also under investigation for its role in inflammatory bowel diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target in gut immunity and inflammation.

PGLYRP2

UBE3A (Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3A): UBE3A is a gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme, which helps regulate protein degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. It plays a crucial role in normal brain development and function. Mutations in UBE3A are associated with Angelman syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by intellectual disability, developmental delay, and distinctive behavioural features.

UBE3A

RAB28 (Ras-Related Protein Rab-28): RAB28 is a member of the RAB family of small GTPases, proteins involved in regulating intracellular vesicle trafficking. RAB28 contributes to vesicle transport and membrane dynamics within the cell.

RAB28

CLDN11 (Claudin 11): CLDN11 is a protein that forms part of tight junctions — structures essential for maintaining barrier integrity in tissues. It plays a key role in the central nervous system and testes, contributing to myelin sheath formation and spermatogenesis. Mutations in CLDN11 may result in neurological impairments and reproductive disorders.

CLDN11

IL16 (Interleukin 16): IL16 is a cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant for specific immune cells, helping to regulate immune responses and inflammation. It is involved in cellular signalling pathways and has been associated with various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

IL16

OLFM3 (Olfactomedin 3): OLFM3 is a protein belonging to the olfactomedin domain-containing family, predominantly expressed in the brain. It is believed to be involved in neural development and function, although its precise roles in the nervous system are still under investigation.

OLFM3

GPD2 (Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 2): GPD2 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycerol metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. It catalyses the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a key step in lipid synthesis. This function is essential for maintaining energy storage and lipid balance in the body.

GPD2

OLIG1 (Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 1): OLIG1 is a transcription factor that regulates the development and maturation of oligodendrocytes — the cells responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system. It plays a vital role in myelination, a process essential for efficient nerve signal transmission. Alterations or mutations in OLIG1 can disrupt myelin formation and are linked to demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.

OLIG1

LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4): LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4) is a protein predominantly expressed in the brain and involved in neural development. It contributes to the formation and maintenance of the nervous system, as well as neural cell adhesion and signalling. LRRC4 has been researched in connection with brain tumours, particularly gliomas, making it a key area of interest in neurobiology and cancer research.

LRRC4

GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83): GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83) is a receptor located in the brain that belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It plays a role in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and has been studied for its involvement in feeding behaviour and metabolic disorders.

GPR83

CAVIN1 (Caveolae Associated Protein 1): CAVIN1 is a vital protein necessary for the formation and function of caveolae — small plasma membrane invaginations involved in processes such as endocytosis and signal transduction. It supports lipid metabolism, endothelial health, and cellular mechanoprotection. Mutations in CAVIN1 are linked to conditions like lipodystrophy and muscular dystrophies, emphasising its role in cell structure and metabolism.

CAVIN1

CRHR1 (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1): CRHR1 is a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone, a key regulator of the body’s stress response. It plays a central role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing stress regulation, mood, and behaviour. Dysregulation of CRHR1 has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

CRHR1

MLKL (Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like): MLKL is a protein that plays a central role in necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death. It is involved in mediating inflammatory responses and has been linked to various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemic injury, and viral infections.

MLKL

CNOT2 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 2): CNOT2 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, which regulates gene expression by controlling mRNA turnover and degradation. It is involved in various aspects of RNA metabolism and can influence key cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and stress response.

CNOT2

NBR1 (Neighbour Of BRCA1 Gene 1): NBR1 is a multifunctional autophagy receptor that regulates selective autophagy — the targeted degradation and recycling of cellular components. It helps remove ubiquitinated protein aggregates and damaged organelles, supporting cellular homeostasis and protection against stress. Its role in autophagy is closely linked to disease prevention, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and age-related conditions, emphasising its importance in cellular health and longevity.

NBR1

SLC1A7 (Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 7): SLC1A7 is a high-affinity glutamate transporter that assists in removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft. This process is vital for preventing excitotoxicity — a damaging condition caused by excessive glutamate leading to neuronal injury. Although it has been less studied than other glutamate transporters, SLC1A7 contributes to regulating glutamatergic signalling and may be significant in neurological disorders associated with disrupted glutamate neurotransmission.

SLC1A7

COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase): COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (CoQ), a vital molecule for mitochondrial energy production. It catalyses a crucial methylation step in the CoQ pathway. Mutations in COQ5 can cause CoQ deficiency, impacting mitochondrial function and contributing to energy metabolism disorders.

COQ5

SYNDIG1 (Synapse Differentiation Inducing 1): SYNDIG1 is a protein involved in the formation and differentiation of synapses within the nervous system. It plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and neuronal communication, both vital for learning and memory.

SYNDIG1

GNB5 (G Protein Subunit Beta 5): GNB5 is a protein component of heterotrimeric G proteins, which mediate cellular responses to external signals through signal transduction pathways. It plays crucial roles in regulating heart rate, vision, and neurotransmission, functioning in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Variants in GNB5 have been linked to arrhythmias and neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasising its importance in studies of signal transduction and related diseases.

ORMDL3

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