Indoxyl sulphate

Indoxyl sulfate is a uraemic toxin formed when gut bacteria metabolise the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and converted into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are normally excreted via the kidneys, elevated levels may indicate impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or renal stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been linked to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—especially in individuals with compromised kidney function. It serves as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s ability to process and eliminate metabolic waste.

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Description

What is indoxyl sulphate?

It is a compound produced by bacterial breakdown of tryptophan in the gut. After absorption, it is processed in the liver and then eliminated by the kidneys.

Why is indoxyl sulfate significant?

High levels are regarded as harmful due to their pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative effects, particularly on kidney and cardiovascular health.

What causes raised indoxyl sulfate levels?

Common causes include gut dysbiosis, protein-rich diets, impaired liver sulphation pathways, and reduced kidney clearance.

How can indoxyl sulphate be reduced?

Supporting gut health with prebiotics and probiotics, reducing protein overload, and enhancing liver and kidney detoxification may help lower levels.

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Content
What is indoxyl sulphate?
Why is indoxyl sulfate significant?
What causes raised indoxyl sulfate levels?
How can indoxyl sulphate be reduced?
What is indoxyl sulphate?
Why is indoxyl sulfate significant?
What causes raised indoxyl sulfate levels?
How can indoxyl sulphate be reduced?
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