STIs

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may lead to serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also result in a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the womb.

Gardnerella, specifically Gardnerella vaginalis, is a type of bacteria commonly found in the vaginal microbiome. While it is a normal part of the vaginal flora, an imbalance can lead to overgrowth, resulting in bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common vaginal infection. It is not classified as a traditional sexually transmitted infection (STI), but its presence and growth can be influenced by sexual activity.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, may also infect the cervix. Most common among people aged 15–24, gonorrhoea can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system, weakening the body’s ability to fight infections. It is transmitted through bodily fluids, most commonly during unprotected sex or needle sharing. Early stages of HIV may show no symptoms, making regular testing important. Although there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy can effectively manage the virus. Prevention strategies include testing, as well as the use of prophylactic medications such as PrEP and PEP. Public health efforts focus on education and reducing stigma.

The presence of HSV-1 IgG antibodies indicates past or ongoing infection with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital infections. IgG antibodies typically appear a few weeks after initial infection and remain in the body for life, serving as a marker of previous exposure. This test does not indicate whether the infection is currently active but helps confirm whether the immune system has encountered the virus. A positive result may be clinically relevant in evaluating symptoms or in pre-screening before certain medical procedures.

HSV-2 IgG antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, which is most commonly linked to genital herpes. A positive result indicates prior exposure to HSV-2, even if no symptoms have been experienced. These antibodies usually develop within several weeks after infection and persist long-term. The test identifies whether an individual has been infected at some point but cannot determine the timing or whether the virus is currently active.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Mycoplasma, particularly Mycoplasma hominis (MH), is a type of bacteria that can be transmitted through sexual contact, although it is not strictly classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is one of several Mycoplasma species that affect humans and can inhabit the genital and respiratory tracts. While often asymptomatic, it can cause health problems, especially in the genitourinary system.

Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is a sexually transmitted bacterium first identified in the 1980s. It is known for causing urogenital infections and can be transmitted through sexual contact. MG is a common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men and has been linked to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women. Its prolonged and sometimes asymptomatic nature makes it a significant concern for sexual health.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through several stages — primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary — and can affect various organ systems over time. Syphilis is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex, and can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, although symptoms are more commonly observed in women. This infection can cause irritation and increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are linked to conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. Although they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always strictly classified as STIs.

Vaginal pH refers to the acidity level of the vaginal environment, which typically ranges from 3.8 to 4.5. This slightly acidic balance, primarily maintained by lactic acid–producing Lactobacilli, helps support healthy bacterial populations and protects against harmful microbes. Changes in vaginal pH can increase the risk of infections and other gynaecological conditions.