Toxic elements

Antimony is a metalloid used in flame retardants, electronics, and alloys. Exposure to antimony can be toxic, potentially causing respiratory irritation, skin problems, and, in severe cases, heart and lung issues. People working in industries that handle antimony or living near manufacturing sites may face higher exposure risks, and appropriate safety measures and environmental monitoring can help reduce toxicity.

Barium (Ba) is a soft, silvery metal used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing and medical diagnostics. While barium sulphate used in medical imaging is considered safe, exposure to soluble barium compounds can be harmful. Such exposure may affect the heart, cause muscle weakness, and damage the kidneys and liver. Industrial workers and individuals near barium processing plants are at greater risk of exposure through inhalation or contaminated water.

Beryllium is a lightweight metal used in aerospace, electronics, and nuclear industries. Exposure to beryllium dust or fumes can pose health risks, including chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a serious lung condition, and skin disorders such as dermatitis. The highest risk of exposure occurs in industrial settings where beryllium is processed or machined.

Bismuth (Bi) is a heavy metal commonly found in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and certain alloys. While generally considered safe, excessive exposure, particularly from medicines containing bismuth, can lead to toxicity. Bismuth toxicity may cause neurological symptoms, including confusion and poor coordination. The primary route of exposure to bismuth is through ingestion of bismuth-containing products.

Gadolinium (Gd) is a rare earth metal used as a contrast agent in MRI scans. Although it is generally considered safe, there are concerns about gadolinium deposits remaining in the body, particularly in individuals with kidney problems. Gadolinium retention can sometimes cause symptoms such as skin thickening, bone pain, and cognitive disturbances.

Glyphosphate: Glyphosphate is a chemical compound used as an active ingredient in many herbicides. It works by inhibiting an enzyme essential for plant growth, making it effective for weed control. Glyphosphate is commonly applied to crops such as wheat, soybean, and maize and can be found in food and water. Exposure to glyphosphate has been associated with potential health risks, and its presence in the body can offer insights into environmental and dietary impacts.

Gold is a precious metal valued for its aesthetic appeal and industrial uses. It is commonly found in electronics, dentistry, and jewellery, and generally poses little risk in small amounts. However, prolonged skin contact or exposure to gold dust in industrial settings can cause dermatitis and allergic reactions. Inhalation of gold nanoparticles in manufacturing environments may also impact respiratory health.

Microplastic particles refer to tiny fragments of plastic, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, with this test specifically focusing on particles smaller than 30 micrometers. These particles can originate from a wide range of sources, including food packaging, textiles, cosmetics, personal care products, and environmental pollution. Once ingested or inhaled, microplastics may enter the bloodstream and circulate in the body.

Palladium is a metal used in electronics, jewellery, and dental materials. While valuable in various industries, high levels of inhalation or ingestion can be toxic, particularly in occupational settings. Exposure may cause respiratory, skin, and digestive problems, and some individuals may develop allergic reactions such as dermatitis.

Platinum (Pt) is a precious metal used in automotive catalytic converters, jewellery, and chemotherapy drugs. While valuable, it can pose health risks when inhaled or through prolonged skin contact. Exposure may cause allergic reactions, respiratory problems, and skin irritation, particularly for workers in industries handling platinum or individuals wearing platinum-based jewellery. Proper protective measures and limiting excessive exposure can help reduce these health risks.

Silver is a metal with diverse applications in industry and medicine, but it can become toxic with significant human exposure. While small amounts occur naturally in the environment and consumer products, excessive exposure can lead to health concerns such as argyria – a condition that permanently turns the skin blue-grey. Ingesting, inhaling, or contacting silver compounds can cause argyria and may also affect the liver and kidneys.

Tin (Sn) is a metal commonly found in alloys, food packaging, and electronics, and is generally considered to have low toxicity. However, certain organic tin compounds used in industrial processes can present health risks, including skin and eye irritation, digestive problems, and in severe cases, neurological effects. People handling tin in manufacturing or using tin-containing products should be aware of these potential hazards. Minimising exposure to organic tin compounds and adhering to safety guidelines are important for preventing tin-related toxicity.

Titanium (Ti) is a metal extensively used in medical implants, cosmetics, and paints, valued for its strength and resistance to corrosion. While elemental titanium is generally regarded as safe, inhalation of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles, particularly in powder form, can pose respiratory hazards. Individuals working in industries that handle titanium materials or using certain cosmetic products may be exposed. Adhering to safety protocols and using protective equipment can help reduce the risk of inhaling titanium particles.

Uranium (U) is a radioactive element used in nuclear power and armaments. It presents health risks mainly through exposure to radiation and chemical toxicity. Ingesting or inhaling uranium can damage the kidneys and raise the risk of cancer due to its radioactivity. The highest exposure risks are found near uranium mining and processing sites, or at contaminated locations. Minimising exposure involves using water filters and adhering to safety guidelines in affected areas.