Biomarkers Tested

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (2-HB) is a molecule produced during the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. Elevated levels of 2-HB can indicate oxidative stress and impaired insulin sensitivity, suggesting an increased risk for conditions like type 2 diabetes.

2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HG) is a molecule that is produced during normal cellular metabolism. Elevated levels of 2-HG can indicate certain genetic disorders affecting metabolism, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations often found in specific cancers, making it a potential indicator for disease monitoring and diagnosis.

2-Hydroxyhippuric acid, also known as salicylic acid, is a metabolite primarily formed from the breakdown of aspirin in the body. It is important as it can indicate aspirin use and its levels can be monitored to assess medication adherence or potential exposure.

2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (2-HIBA) is a small molecule produced during the breakdown of certain amino acids and other compounds in the body. Elevated levels of 2-HIBA can be indicative of specific metabolic disorders or cellular stress, making it a useful marker for diagnostic and monitoring purposes.

2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) is a metabolic byproduct of leucine, an essential branched-chain amino acid. Its levels can be influenced by muscle protein breakdown and synthesis. Elevated HICA may indicate increased muscle catabolism or stress.

2-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (2-HIVA) is a branched-chain alpha-hydroxy acid. It is a metabolic byproduct and can be elevated in certain conditions, such as isovaleric acidemia, a rare genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and may also be influenced by dietary intake and gut microbiome activity.

2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (2-HPAA) is a metabolic byproduct of phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism. Elevated levels of 2-HPAA in urine can be indicative of certain metabolic disorders and can be influenced by gut microbiome activity.

2-Methylglutaric Acid is a metabolic byproduct that can be elevated in individuals with certain genetic disorders affecting amino acid metabolism, particularly those involving the breakdown of leucine. Measuring its levels can therefore help in the diagnosis and monitoring of these rare metabolic conditions.

2-Methylhippurate is also a metabolite linked to xylene exposure and reflects the body’s processing of certain solvent compounds commonly encountered in industrial and environmental settings.

2-Methylhippuric Acid is a metabolite associated with exposure to xylene, a solvent commonly found in paints, fuels, varnishes, and industrial chemicals. Measuring this marker may provide insight into recent xylene exposure from environmental or occupational sources.

2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) is a metabolic intermediate that plays a role in methionine metabolism. Elevated levels of KMBA in the blood or urine can indicate impaired methionine metabolism, which is often associated with certain genetic disorders or liver dysfunction.

2-Oxoadipic acid is a metabolic intermediate found in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in tryptophan metabolism and also plays a role in the production of certain neurotransmitters. Elevated levels of 2-oxoadipic acid can indicate issues with amino acid metabolism or imbalances in the kynurenine pathway, potentially linking to various health conditions.

2-Oxobutyric acid (2-OBA) is a metabolic byproduct formed during the breakdown of certain amino acids, particularly methionine. Elevated levels of 2-OBA in the blood or urine can indicate a deficiency in vitamin B6 or a number of metabolic disorders, making it a useful marker for assessing nutritional status and certain enzyme functions.

2-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, is a crucial molecule involved in the Krebs cycle, a central pathway for energy production within cells. It plays a vital role in amino acid metabolism and the synthesis of neurotransmitters, making it an important indicator of cellular metabolic health.

2-Oxoisocaproic acid is a key metabolic intermediate found in the breakdown of the amino acid leucine. Elevated levels can indicate issues with leucine metabolism or certain metabolic disorders.

2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an organic compound that plays a role in the metabolism of certain amino acids, particularly leucine. Elevated levels can indicate disruptions in these metabolic pathways, which may be associated with specific genetic disorders or certain health conditions affecting protein breakdown.

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid is a metabolic byproduct of vitamin C breakdown and is also involved in other biochemical pathways. Elevated levels can indicate impaired vitamin C metabolism or other metabolic disturbances. Its measurement can be a useful tool in assessing certain metabolic conditions and cellular stress.

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is the primary circulating form of vitamin D and the most reliable biomarker for assessing vitamin D status. It reflects the combined contribution from dietary intake, supplements, and skin synthesis through sun exposure. This marker is important for monitoring calcium metabolism, bone health, and immune function. Low levels are linked to reduced bone mineralization and increased risk of bone-related conditions, and in observational studies have been associated with several non-skeletal outcomes, including cardiometabolic health and certain cancers. Adequate levels support normal skeletal maintenance, immune regulation, and broader metabolic processes.

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, or HPHPA, is a breakdown product of dietary compounds found in some plants. Elevated levels of HPHPA can indicate increased exposure to these compounds and may be associated with certain gastrointestinal conditions, although its precise clinical significance is still an area of research.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, often referred to as HMG, is a byproduct in the body's production of cholesterol and is also a precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Elevated levels of HMG can indicate potential issues with cholesterol metabolism and reduced CoQ10 production, which is crucial for cellular energy and antioxidant function.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is a ketone body produced by the liver when glucose is unavailable for energy. It is an important alternative fuel source for the body, particularly for the brain, during periods of fasting, prolonged exercise, or when carbohydrate intake is very low. Elevated levels can indicate a ketogenic state.

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid (3-HGA) is a molecule that is produced during the metabolism of certain amino acids and fatty acids. Elevated levels of 3-HGA in the body can indicate certain metabolic disorders, particularly those affecting the breakdown of leucine, and can be monitored to help diagnose and manage these conditions.

3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (3-HIA) is a metabolic byproduct produced by the breakdown of certain amino acids, specifically valine. Elevated levels of 3-HIA in urine or blood can indicate a deficiency in the enzyme isovaleric acidemia, a type of organic acidemia that can lead to serious health problems if untreated.

3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-kynurenine) is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which reflects the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan. It serves as an intermediate compound during the conversion of tryptophan into important molecules, including the essential coenzyme NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (3-HPAA) is a metabolic byproduct of tyrosine, an amino acid found in proteins. Elevated levels can be associated with certain conditions, including some gut dysbiosis and potentially other metabolic imbalances.

3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) is a small organic molecule produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism, particularly during the breakdown of certain amino acids and fats. Elevated levels of 3-HPA can indicate impaired metabolic function or specific genetic disorders affecting energy production within cells, making it a useful indicator for certain metabolic health assessments.

3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric Acid (3-M2OV) is an alpha-keto acid that is a key intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid valine. Elevated levels of 3-M2OV in blood or urine can indicate impaired valine metabolism, which is often a sign of certain metabolic disorders like maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).

3-Methyl-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) is a metabolic byproduct derived from the breakdown of norepinephrine, a key neurotransmitter in the brain. Measuring MHPG levels can provide insights into norepinephrine activity, which plays a role in mood regulation, stress response, and cognitive functions.

3-Methylcrotonylglycine (3-MCG) is a compound produced during the metabolism of the amino acid leucine. Elevated levels of 3-MCG in the body can indicate issues with leucine metabolism, potentially suggesting certain metabolic disorders or deficiencies in enzymes involved in this pathway. Monitoring 3-MCG is therefore important for diagnosing and managing these conditions.

3-Methylglutaconic acid (3-MGA) is an organic molecule that can be elevated in the urine and blood. Elevated levels are often indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction or certain genetic disorders affecting metabolism, making it a useful marker for diagnosing and monitoring these conditions.

3-Methylglutaric acid is a marker that is elevated in the urine of individuals with 3-Methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, a rare genetic disorder affecting metabolism. Measuring its levels is crucial for diagnosing this condition and managing treatment.

3-Methylhippurate is a urinary metabolite associated with exposure to xylene, an industrial solvent commonly found in paints, fuels, and chemical products. Measuring 3-Methylhippurate may help assess recent xylene exposure.

3-Methylhippuric Acid is a metabolite linked to xylene exposure and is commonly evaluated in environmental exposure testing. Xylene may be present in fuel emissions, solvents, paints, and certain industrial environments.

3-Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, is a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a central pathway for energy production in the body. Its levels can reflect metabolic status and are involved in various cellular processes, including amino acid synthesis and neurotransmitter production. Monitoring 3-oxoglutaric acid can provide insights into cellular energy metabolism and potential disruptions in metabolic pathways.

3-Phenyllactic Acid (3-PLA) is a metabolic byproduct produced by certain gut bacteria when they break down phenylalanine, an amino acid found in many foods. Elevated levels of 3-PLA in the body can indicate dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiome, and has been associated with various health conditions including metabolic disorders and neurological issues.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (3,4-DHBA), also known as protocatechuic acid, is a phenolic compound found in various plants and is a metabolite of certain dietary components and gut bacteria. Its presence and levels can be indicative of oxidative stress, inflammation, and certain metabolic processes within the body.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiome from dietary polyphenols. It is considered a biomarker for gut health and may be associated with inflammatory responses and oxidative stress.

3,4-Dimethylhippurate is a metabolite associated with exposure to trimethylbenzene, a chemical used in fuels, solvents, and industrial manufacturing processes.

3,4-Dimethylhippuric Acid is a metabolite associated with exposure to trimethylbenzenes, chemicals commonly found in fuels, solvents, paints, and industrial products.

4-Cresol is a small organic molecule produced during the breakdown of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the body. Elevated levels of 4-Cresol in urine can indicate impaired kidney function or certain metabolic disorders, as the kidneys normally filter it out.

4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid is a metabolite associated with paraben exposure. Parabens are preservatives commonly used in cosmetics, skincare products, pharmaceuticals, and personal care items.

4-Hydroxyhippuric acid, also known as p-hydroxyhippuric acid, is a metabolite produced in the body from the breakdown of phenolic compounds found in food, such as those in fruits and vegetables. Elevated levels can indicate increased exposure to these dietary components or altered gut microbiome activity, and it is being investigated for its potential role in assessing dietary intake and metabolic health.

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid (4-HPAA) is a metabolite produced in the body from the breakdown of tyrosine, an amino acid. Elevated levels of 4-HPAA can be associated with certain metabolic disorders and can be an indicator of oxidative stress, potentially contributing to or resulting from various health conditions.

4-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid (4-HPLA) is a compound produced by the gut microbiome as it breaks down tyrosine, an amino acid. Elevated levels of 4-HPLA can be associated with increased gut permeability, a condition where the intestinal wall allows substances to leak into the bloodstream, potentially contributing to inflammation and other health issues.

4-Methylhippuric acid is a metabolite produced by the body after exposure to the solvent toluene, which is commonly found in paints, glues, and some cleaning products. Measuring its levels in urine can help assess recent exposure to toluene.

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) is the main breakdown product of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, appetite, gut motility and other body functions. Measuring 5-HIAA in urine can give insight into serotonin turnover, meaning how serotonin is being produced, used and metabolised. Higher or lower levels may reflect changes in serotonin metabolism, but should not be interpreted as a direct measure of brain serotonin. 5-HIAA is best understood together with serotonin, tryptophan and the wider neurotransmitter profile.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (5-HMFA) is a metabolite primarily derived from the breakdown of fructose and other carbohydrates. Elevated levels in the blood or urine can indicate increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and a higher risk of developing metabolic disorders such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

5-Methylcytosine is a modified DNA base formed by the addition of a methyl group to cytosine. It plays a crucial role in epigenetics, influencing gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, and is vital for normal cellular development and function. Aberrant levels or patterns of 5-methylcytosine are implicated in various diseases, including cancer, and are being investigated as diagnostic or prognostic markers.

8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a marker of oxidative DNA damage, specifically the oxidation of guanine, one of the DNA bases. Elevated levels of 8-OHdG in urine or blood can indicate increased exposure to reactive oxygen species and may be associated with an increased risk of various chronic diseases.

Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (A-TPO) antibodies are immune proteins that mistakenly target thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for producing thyroid hormones. Elevated levels of A-TPO antibodies are often associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, which can lead to either underactive or overactive thyroid function and affect overall health.