Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. It is released into the bloodstream when cells are damaged, making it a useful marker for assessing liver injury and other tissue damage. Elevated AST levels are often seen in liver conditions such as hepatitis or fatty liver disease but can also indicate muscle injury or heart disease. AST is typically interpreted alongside alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to better evaluate the type and extent of liver damage.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a metabolite produced by gut bacteria during the breakdown of choline, carnitine, and lecithin—nutrients commonly found in meat, eggs, and dairy. In the liver, TMA is converted into Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a compound that has been linked to cardiovascular risk in several studies. Elevated TMA/TMAO levels may reflect high microbial conversion activity in the gut, imbalanced microbiota, or a diet rich in animal-based products. While research is ongoing, high TMAO has been associated with inflammation and impaired cholesterol metabolism. Balanced gut flora and plant-forward diets may help maintain healthy TMAO levels.

Blood group A has A antigens on the surface of red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate blood to people with blood group A or AB. They can receive blood from group A or O donors. Group A is one of the most common blood types worldwide. Proper matching is essential to avoid transfusion reactions.

Grapefruit intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s difficulty in digesting grapefruit, a citrus fruit valued for its sharp flavour and nutritional benefits. Unlike a grapefruit allergy, which triggers an immune response, grapefruit intolerance typically causes digestive discomfort such as bloating, wind, or stomach pain after consuming grapefruit or products containing it.

Pollen from ribwort plantain, a type of plant that can trigger respiratory allergies, especially in summer.

Meat from young sheep, commonly consumed in various cuisines. Can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Shellfish that is a common allergen, causing symptoms such as hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis.

CES1 (Carboxylesterase 1): CES1 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of various drugs, including clopidogrel, methylphenidate, and certain antiviral and chemotherapy agents. Genetic variations in CES1 can affect drug activation and breakdown, influencing both therapeutic effects and the risk of side effects. Testing CES1 can help optimize drug dosing and improve treatment outcomes.

CYP2C19 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 19): CYP2C19 is an enzyme involved in metabolizing medications such as proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel. Genetic variations affect enzyme activity, influencing drug effectiveness and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2C19 can help optimize medication dosing and treatment choices.

VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1): VKORC1 is an enzyme involved in the recycling of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting. Genetic variations in VKORC1 influence sensitivity to vitamin K antagonists like warfarin, affecting dosage requirements and the risk of bleeding. Testing VKORC1 can help personalize anticoagulant therapy for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4): CYP3A4 is one of the most important enzymes in drug metabolism, involved in breaking down a wide range of medications, including statins, immunosuppressants, benzodiazepines, and certain chemotherapy drugs. Genetic variations in CYP3A4 can influence drug clearance, affecting both efficacy and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP3A4 can help guide medication dosing for safer and more effective treatment.

CYP2B6 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily B Member 6): CYP2B6 is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of various drugs, including bupropion, efavirenz, methadone, and certain anesthetics. Genetic variations in CYP2B6 affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown, effectiveness, and the risk of side effects. Testing CYP2B6 can help optimize medication dosing and reduce the likelihood of adverse reactions.

The potassium/sodium (K/Na) ratio is a measurement that indicates the balance between two essential electrolytes in the body — potassium (K) and sodium (Na). Both are crucial for maintaining nerve function, muscle contraction, hydration, and fluid balance.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are vital for bone strength, muscle function, nerve signalling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

The copper/zinc (Cu/Zn) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential trace minerals in the body — copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Both support vital physiological processes, including immune function, antioxidant defence, and enzyme activity. An imbalance in this ratio may indicate underlying health issues, with symptoms varying depending on whether there is an excess or deficiency of either mineral.

Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is a chemical that acts both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response, increasing alertness, arousal, and reaction speed. Noradrenaline also contributes to mood regulation and helps maintain blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two key stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both play vital roles in the body’s fight-or-flight response, influencing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy mobilisation. This ratio can shift in response to factors such as stress, physical activity, and overall health status.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter released by the adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for rapid action during stress. Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and boosts energy availability, supporting quick and effective survival reactions.

Influenza B is a strain of the influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, primarily affecting humans. Although generally less common than Influenza A, it can still cause significant illness, particularly in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is crucial for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during the flu season.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays a significant role in supporting health, although it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Found primarily in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall well-being.

Emmentaler cheese intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting Emmentaler cheese — a traditional Swiss cheese recognised for its distinctive holes and mild, nutty flavour. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance usually results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or discomfort after eating.

Horse meat intolerance is a condition marked by difficulty digesting horse meat, which is eaten in certain regions around the world. It usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or discomfort. Unlike a horse meat allergy, which provokes an immune response, intolerance generally involves non-immune digestive reactions after consuming horse meat or products containing it.

FAM171A1 (Family With Sequence Similarity 171 Member A1) is a protein-coding gene with limited current characterisation. It is believed to play a role in cellular processes such as protein interactions and signal transduction, although its precise functions in human health and disease are still under investigation.

WSCD1 (WSC Domain Containing 1) is a gene with limited characterisation in humans, but it is believed to be involved in cellular responses to environmental stress. Although its exact role is not fully understood, WSCD1 may contribute to mechanisms of cellular adaptation and survival under stress-related conditions.

ATF7 (Activating Transcription Factor 7) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in regulating cellular responses to stress. As part of the ATF/CREB family, it helps control gene expression related to apoptosis, development, and neuronal survival. ATF7 activity is important for maintaining cellular balance, and its dysregulation has been linked to stress-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Boron is a trace mineral that supports bone strength, cognitive function, and hormonal balance. It aids the body’s absorption of magnesium and calcium, helping protect against osteoporosis. Boron also contributes to mental clarity and overall brain performance. Naturally found in foods such as apples, oranges, nuts, beans, and leafy vegetables, it is easily incorporated into a healthy diet.

Sorbitol intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to digest sorbitol — a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sweetener in diet and sugar-free products. This can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, and diarrhoea, similar to those seen with other food intolerances.

WNT7B (Wnt Family Member 7B) is a gene involved in the Wnt signalling pathway, which plays a key role in embryonic development, cell growth, and tissue regeneration. WNT7B helps regulate gene expression and cell behaviour. Dysregulation of WNT7B signalling has been linked to developmental disorders, fibrosis, and cancer, highlighting its importance in cell proliferation and disease progression.

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body that indicates the body’s transition to using fat as its main energy source. Produced by the liver from fatty acids during fasting, carbohydrate restriction, or intense exercise, BHB supplies an alternative energy source — especially for the brain — when glucose availability is low. It is a key indicator of ketosis, a metabolic state linked to fat metabolism.

FAM160A2 (Family with Sequence Similarity 160 Member A2) is a gene for which there is currently limited characterised information. While its exact biological role remains unclear, ongoing research seeks to uncover its function and potential importance in human health and disease.

BAIAP2L1 (Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2-like 1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular structure and signalling. As a member of the I-BAR domain-containing protein family, BAIAP2L1 plays a key role in actin cytoskeleton remodelling, membrane shaping, and cell movement. Its I-BAR domain enables interaction with actin filaments and membrane phospholipids, contributing to the formation of dynamic structures like filopodia and lamellipodia.

Mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in certain products such as thermometers and dental fillings. While low exposure is generally harmless, excessive levels can be toxic, affecting the nervous, digestive, and immune systems. High mercury exposure may cause symptoms like tremors, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment, and it poses significant environmental risks, particularly through water contamination.

Goose meat intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body struggles to digest goose meat, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a goose meat allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, intolerance mainly causes digestive symptoms after eating goose meat or dishes containing it.

Coriander seed intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process coriander seeds — the dried seeds of the coriander plant commonly used as a spice. It can lead to symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after consumption. Unlike a coriander seed allergy, which involves an immune response, this intolerance typically causes non-immune, digestive-related reactions.

Influenza A is a major type of virus responsible for seasonal flu, a contagious respiratory illness. Testing for Influenza A is important for accurate diagnosis, helping differentiate it from other respiratory infections with similar symptoms. This distinction supports timely treatment decisions and guides preventive measures to reduce transmission.

ATP1B2 (Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2) is a protein that functions as part of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump — a vital enzyme complex responsible for maintaining the balance of sodium and potassium ions across cell membranes. This balance is essential for key physiological processes such as nerve signalling, muscle contraction, and cell volume regulation. As a beta subunit, ATP1B2 supports the assembly, stability, and membrane localisation of the pump by interacting with its catalytic alpha subunit.

VIPR2 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2) is a gene that encodes a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide involved in regulating smooth muscle relaxation, immune responses, and neurotransmission. This receptor is found on the surface of cells in various tissues and plays a crucial role in mediating VIP signalling pathways.

Free chlorine is a measure of the chlorine available in water for disinfection. It is a strong oxidising agent that exists primarily as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or hypochlorite ion (OCl⁻), depending on the water’s pH. Free chlorine plays a key role in killing harmful bacteria and viruses, helping to ensure water safety, but must be carefully controlled due to its high reactivity.

FHIT (Fragile Histidine Triad Diadenosine Triphosphatase) is a tumour suppressor gene involved in purine metabolism. It plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability, and its loss or alteration has been linked to various cancers, emphasising its importance in preventing tumour development.

Oestrogen is a primary sex hormone present in both women and men, though at different levels. In women, it supports the development and regulation of the reproductive system, menstrual cycle, and secondary sexual characteristics, while also influencing bone health, skin, and mood. In men, it plays a role in libido, erectile function, and sperm production. Mainly produced in the ovaries for women and the testes for men, oestrogen levels naturally fluctuate during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can contribute to menstrual irregularities, mood changes, and other health concerns.

Saturated fatty acids are a type of dietary fat commonly found in animal products and certain plant oils. They contain no double bonds in their structure, which makes them solid at room temperature. Their impact on health is multifaceted, with effects that can be beneficial or harmful depending on overall intake and dietary context.

Chanterelle intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting chanterelle mushrooms, a type of edible fungus known for their rich flavour and distinctive shape. Unlike a true allergy, which involves an immune response, chanterelle intolerance typically results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, flatulence, or discomfort after consumption.

The Omega-3 Index is a measurement that reflects the proportion of the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in the membranes of red blood cells. It acts as a key indicator of cardiovascular health and overall well-being, showing both the dietary intake of omega-3s and their incorporation into cell structures.

Casein intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body struggles to digest casein — a protein present in milk and dairy products. Unlike a casein allergy, which triggers an immune response, casein intolerance mainly affects the digestive system, often causing symptoms such as bloating, wind, or abdominal discomfort after consuming dairy.

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is a type of Omega-6 fatty acid found in certain plant-based oils, such as evening primrose and borage oil. Unlike most Omega-6 fatty acids, GLA has anti-inflammatory properties and may help manage conditions like eczema, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and arthritis.

Escherichia coli Biovare is a distinct subspecies of E. coli that is not usually abundant in a healthy human intestine. It encompasses various forms, including haemolytic, mucoid, and lactose-negative types. Elevated levels—particularly in the presence of an alkaline pH and low beneficial E. coli—may indicate weakened mucosal immunity, often associated with reduced secretory IgA production.

Nitrates (NO₃⁻) and nitrites (NO₂⁻) are nitrogen-oxygen compounds commonly found in water, either from natural sources or as a result of agricultural runoff and industrial activity. Both serve as indicators of water quality and, at elevated levels, can pose health risks, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Common sole intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest common sole, a type of flatfish often eaten as seafood. It typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, discomfort, or nausea after eating. Unlike a common sole allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance is related to digestion and usually results in milder, non-immune symptoms.

Green peas intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to digest green peas efficiently. Unlike a green peas allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe responses, intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. Common symptoms include bloating, wind, and abdominal pain after consuming green peas.

Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that plays a vital role in energy metabolism. It transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are broken down to produce energy, and helps remove metabolic waste from cells. While the body can synthesise carnitine in the liver and kidneys, it is also obtained from dietary sources, primarily animal-based foods.

WNT10A (Wnt Family Member 10A) is a gene that plays a crucial role in the Wnt signalling pathway, which is essential for regulating cell growth, development, and tissue formation. It is particularly important in the development of skin, hair, teeth, and bones. Variations or mutations in WNT10A have been linked to several developmental conditions affecting these structures.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite responsible for amoebiasis, an infection that can range from mild or asymptomatic to severe forms, including dysentery and liver abscesses. It is a major public health concern in regions with poor sanitation, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that colonises the stomach lining and is known for its role in gastrointestinal disorders. It is commonly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and an increased risk of stomach cancer. Its ability to thrive in the stomach’s acidic environment makes it a key factor in long-term digestive health.

DOK5 (Docking Protein 5) is a member of the DOK family of adaptor proteins, which serve as substrates for receptor tyrosine kinases and facilitate intracellular signal transmission. It plays a key role in pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. DOK5 is especially involved in neuronal development and has been associated with insulin signalling, making it important for both nervous system formation and metabolic regulation.

Glutamine is an amino acid that supports digestive health and boosts the immune system. It plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal function, aiding digestion, and assisting muscle recovery. Commonly found in meats, eggs, and dairy products, glutamine is also used in supplements to enhance digestive health and immune function.

Lobster intolerance refers to a condition where some individuals experience difficulty digesting lobster, a popular seafood renowned for its rich flavour and texture. This intolerance can cause digestive discomfort and impact the ability to enjoy this shellfish.

C16ORF82 (Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 82), also known as FAM173B, is a gene that remains under study to determine its function. Early investigations suggest it may be involved in mitochondrial processes, playing a role in cellular energy metabolism. Due to this mitochondrial connection, it could be significant in conditions linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, although further research is required to establish its precise role.

DGKB (Diacylglycerol Kinase Beta) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in lipid signalling by converting diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid. It is involved in significant cellular processes such as insulin sensitivity and neurotransmitter signalling. Alterations in DGKB function have been associated with metabolic disorders and are researched in connection with conditions like diabetes and obesity.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolepis nana) are common parasites that infect humans, particularly children. They are unique because they can complete their entire life cycle within a single host, allowing direct transmission without the need for an intermediate host. While infections are often asymptomatic, they can cause abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and in severe cases, weight loss and malnutrition.

SLCO1B1 (Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B1): SLCO1B1 is a transporter protein that helps move drugs, including statins, into liver cells for metabolism. Genetic variations in SLCO1B1 can reduce transporter function, leading to higher drug levels in the blood and an increased risk of statin-induced muscle side effects. Testing SLCO1B1 can help guide statin selection and dosing to minimize adverse effects.

Strawberry allergy is a sensitivity to certain proteins found in strawberries. Although it is less common than many other food allergies, it can cause symptoms ranging from mild oral discomfort to more severe systemic reactions. These may include itching, swelling, hives, or, in rare instances, serious allergic reactions.

WDR70 (WD Repeat Domain 70) is a gene that encodes a protein containing WD repeat domains, which assist in facilitating protein-protein interactions. This protein plays a role in essential cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and may also be involved in RNA processing. Although its precise functions are still under investigation, WDR70 is believed to contribute to cellular organisation and overall cell function.

SPPL3 (Signal Peptide Peptidase-Like 3) is an enzyme belonging to the intramembrane-cleaving protease family that processes specific transmembrane proteins. By releasing intracellular domains from its substrates, SPPL3 affects cellular signalling and regulation. It has a crucial role in immune system function, including B cell maturation, and has been associated with certain autoimmune disorders. Researching SPPL3 aids in understanding how intramembrane proteolysis influences human health and disease.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a long-chain Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in inflammation and cell signalling. Found in foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy, AA is essential for brain function, muscle growth, and overall health, with a complex impact on both normal physiology and disease processes.

Garlic intolerance is a condition that occurs when the body struggles to digest garlic. It differs from a garlic allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions. Garlic intolerance primarily results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after eating garlic.

Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated Omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in the body’s functions. Present in many vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, LA is important for maintaining healthy cell membranes and helps regulate inflammatory processes.

SIPA1L3 (Signal-Induced Proliferation-Associated 1 Like 3) is a gene involved in signal transduction and cell growth. It plays a crucial role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic function and neuronal communication. Changes in SIPA1L3 may impact brain development and cognitive function, potentially contributing to neurological disorders.

FN3KRP (Fructosamine 3 Kinase-Related Protein) is a protein involved in fructosamine metabolism and may help regulate glucose levels in the body. It is related to the enzyme fructosamine 3 kinase and may influence glycation processes, which are linked to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that affect diabetes and ageing-related conditions.

ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) is a protein that functions as a transmembrane protease, involved in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and signalling. It acts by cleaving the extracellular regions of various cell surface proteins, such as growth factors and receptors, impacting critical pathways like Notch and cadherin signalling. ADAM10 plays essential roles in tissue development, cell communication, and nervous system function.

XKR6 (XK Related 6) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the XK family, which may be involved in transmembrane transport. Although its precise function is not yet fully understood, XKR6 could play a role in cellular processes important for human health.

Luteinising Hormone (LH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that plays a key role in reproductive health for both men and women. In women, LH triggers ovulation and supports the menstrual cycle by stimulating progesterone production. In men, it promotes testosterone production in the testes. Maintaining balanced LH levels is important for proper hormonal regulation and reproductive function.

Pseudomonas in stool refers to the presence of bacteria from the Pseudomonas genus, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the gastrointestinal tract. While not usually a common gut resident, it can cause infection or overgrowth, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Its detection may indicate an imbalance in gut microbiota or an underlying condition, especially if gastrointestinal symptoms are present.

ADAMTSL3 (ADAMTS-Like 3) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the ADAMTS family, which is involved in organising the extracellular matrix and regulating cell-matrix interactions. This protein plays a role in maintaining connective tissue structure and has been linked to lung and eye development, as well as certain connective tissue disorders.

SPATA32 (Spermatogenesis Associated 32) is a gene predominantly expressed in the testis and is believed to play a role in the process of spermatogenesis. Although its exact function in male reproductive health and fertility remains unclear, SPATA32 is regarded as significant in research relating to reproductive biology and fertility.

Reactions to cow’s milk refer to various conditions that arise from consuming cow’s milk, including cow’s milk intolerance, cow’s milk allergy, and lactose intolerance. Cow’s milk intolerance involves difficulty digesting milk proteins, often leading to digestive discomfort. Cow’s milk allergy is an immune response that can cause more severe symptoms. Lactose intolerance occurs due to the inability to digest lactose, the natural sugar found in milk. Each condition differs in cause, symptoms, and treatment.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It is naturally found in foods such as meat, fish, and grains, and can also be produced from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra, a condition characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia.

SLC16A9 (Solute Carrier Family 16 Member 9) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the solute carrier family, which facilitates the transport of small molecules across cell membranes. Although its precise substrates and functions are still under investigation, SLC16A9 plays a role in cellular transport processes.

Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus) is an invasive climbing plant that flowers in late summer, releasing pollen that can cause allergic reactions. This pollen is a major contributor to seasonal allergies, particularly for those who are sensitive to it, with symptoms often becoming more severe in urban areas where the plant is more common.

Corn intolerance is a digestive condition that reflects the body’s difficulty in processing maize. Unlike a corn allergy, which is an immune system response causing more immediate and severe reactions, corn intolerance primarily leads to gastrointestinal symptoms and discomfort.

Thallium (Tl) is a heavy metal that presents significant health risks upon exposure. It can cause symptoms such as hair loss, nerve damage, and digestive problems. Common sources of thallium exposure include contaminated water, certain industrial processes, and its former use in rat poison. Although its presence in consumer products has diminished, thallium remains a hazard in industrial environments. Exposure to thallium, while rare, requires prompt medical attention to minimise health complications.

DEF8 (Differentially Expressed in FDCP 8 Homolog) is a gene involved in endocytic trafficking and cellular signalling. It acts as a scaffold protein, helping to coordinate interactions between signalling molecules and endosomes—crucial for proper receptor function and cell communication. Disruptions in DEF8 activity have been associated with cancer and immune-related conditions.

ALCAM (Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a protein that plays a vital role in cell-to-cell adhesion, allowing cells to interact, migrate, and target specific locations within the body. It is involved in essential processes such as nerve development, immune regulation, and tissue repair. Dysregulation of ALCAM has been associated with cancer metastasis, autoimmune disorders, and other pathological conditions.

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animal and plant sources. As the most abundant saturated fat in the human body and diet, it plays important roles in energy storage and cellular function. However, excessive intake of palmitic acid has been linked to potential risks to heart health.

Wasp venom allergy is a condition that occurs when the body has an allergic reaction to the sting of a wasp. This allergy can cause symptoms ranging from localized pain and swelling to severe anaphylaxis. Unlike bee stings, wasp stings can be more dangerous as wasps are capable of stinging multiple times, increasing the risk of a serious allergic reaction.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is significantly more potent than morphine. It is mainly used for managing severe or chronic pain and is available in forms such as patches, lozenges, and injections. Due to its high potency, fentanyl poses a strong risk of addiction and overdose, even at low doses. It is also illegally produced and sometimes mixed with other drugs, which increases the risk of accidental overdoses.

Haddock intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting haddock, a type of fish often enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. Unlike a haddock allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, haddock intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort after consuming haddock or dishes containing it.

ZMYM6 (Zinc Finger MYM-Type Containing 6) is a gene that encodes a zinc finger protein potentially involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodelling. It may contribute to controlling gene expression and has been studied in connection with blood cancers. While its precise role in both normal and disease states remains under investigation, ZMYM6 is considered significant in genomic regulation processes.

DPYD (Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase): DPYD is an enzyme responsible for metabolising fluoropyrimidine drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine, commonly used in cancer treatment. Genetic variations in DPYD can lead to reduced enzyme activity, increasing the risk of severe toxicity, including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal side effects. Testing DPYD helps identify individuals who require dose adjustments or alternative treatments to improve safety and effectiveness.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that reflects an individual’s difficulty in digesting green tea, a widely consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant content. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several vital functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defences. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although rare, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder marked by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

FRMD4B (FERM Domain Containing 4B) is a protein that connects the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton, supporting vital cellular functions such as signal transduction, cell shape, and migration. It plays a role in regulating cell polarity, membrane organisation, and the development of neuronal networks. Dysregulation of FRMD4B may contribute to neurological disorders.

Green olive intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty in digesting green olives. Unlike a green olive allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe reactions, intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort. People with green olive intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming green olives or foods containing them.

Haematuria, or blood in the urine, is a finding that indicates the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be visible, giving the urine a pink, red, or cola-like colour, or microscopic, detectable only through laboratory testing. This condition can arise from a wide range of causes, from minor issues to serious underlying diseases.

Geotrichum candidum is a fungus commonly found in the environment, including soil, water, air, and certain foods. It is also a natural part of the human microbiota, typically residing in the gut and on the skin. While usually harmless, it can become opportunistic and cause infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

ADGRL2 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor L2) is a protein that belongs to the adhesion-GPCR family, combining cell adhesion with G protein-coupled receptor signalling. It supports nervous system development, facilitates cell-to-cell communication, and has been linked to certain neurological conditions. Its dual function makes it an important focus in neurobiological research.

Transferrin saturation is a measure that reflects the percentage of transferrin — a blood protein that transports iron — that is actually bound to iron. It helps assess how effectively iron is being carried and utilised in the body. This marker is useful for identifying iron deficiency or iron overload, and is typically calculated using serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Low levels may suggest iron deficiency, while high levels can indicate conditions such as haemochromatosis.

Wheat allergy is a condition involving an allergic reaction to proteins found in wheat. It is one of the most common food allergies, particularly in children. Wheat allergy is distinct from coeliac disease and gluten sensitivity, which are different conditions. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe, including the risk of life-threatening anaphylaxis.