Ketamine is a substance originally developed as an anaesthetic, now used both in medical treatments and recreationally. Medically, it’s valued for its sedative and pain-relieving effects, especially in emergency care. Recreationally, it’s known for its hallucinogenic and dissociative experiences. However, misuse of ketamine can cause serious cognitive and psychological issues and carries a risk of dependence.

SORBS3 (Sorbin and SH3 Domain Containing 3), also known as vinexin, is a gene involved in cytoskeletal organisation and cell signalling. It helps connect the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane and participates in pathways that regulate cell movement and adhesion. Changes in SORBS3 function may impact cellular structure and have been linked to cancer progression and metastasis.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline, altering the perception of pain.

Goat’s milk intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting goat’s milk and its products, leading to digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms. Unlike a goat’s milk allergy, which involves an immune system response and can trigger more severe and immediate reactions, intolerance primarily affects digestion.

The stool water content analysis is a test that measures the amount of water present in faeces. This assessment is important for diagnosing conditions related to abnormal water absorption or secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. It helps identify causes of diarrhoea, which may result from infections, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or malabsorption syndromes, where there is either excessive water secretion or insufficient absorption in the intestines.

ACYP2 (Acylphosphatase 2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in hydrolysing acylphosphates, contributing to cellular energy metabolism. It plays a role in muscle function, potentially affecting muscle efficiency and endurance. Variations in ACYP2 have been associated with ageing and age-related conditions, highlighting its potential link to energy regulation and lifespan.

Black tea intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting black tea, which is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant. Unlike a black tea allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or nausea after consumption.

CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is an essential compound that plays a crucial role in energy production within every cell of the body. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage. CoQ10 is vital for supporting overall health and proper cellular function.

Roundworms are parasitic nematodes that can infect the human digestive system, typically causing symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and discomfort. Transmission often occurs through contaminated soil, water, or undercooked food. If left untreated, infections can lead to more serious health complications.

Eel meat intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty digesting eel meat, a type of seafood frequently enjoyed in various cuisines, particularly across Asia and Europe. Unlike an eel meat allergy, which prompts an immune reaction, intolerance primarily leads to digestive discomfort such as stomach pain or upset after consuming eel or dishes containing it.

Potassium (K) is an essential mineral and electrolyte that supports heart health, muscle contraction, nerve function, and fluid balance. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure and reducing the risk of stroke. Potassium is abundant in foods such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.

The quantitative stool sugar test is a diagnostic tool that measures the amount of specific sugars in stool to assess carbohydrate malabsorption. It helps identify conditions such as lactose intolerance, fructose intolerance, and other disorders affecting sugar digestion and absorption. By detecting undigested sugars like lactose, fructose, or sorbitol in the stool, this test assists healthcare professionals in determining which sugars the digestive system has difficulty processing, often associated with symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain.

DLC1 (Deleted in Liver Cancer 1) is a tumour suppressor gene that plays a key role in controlling cell behaviour. It encodes a Rho GTPase-activating protein, which helps regulate cell shape, movement, and growth. Loss or inactivation of DLC1 is common in various cancers, and restoring its function is being investigated as a potential cancer therapy.

ACOXL (Acyl-CoA Oxidase-Like) is a protein related to the acyl-CoA oxidase family, which plays a key role in the β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids within peroxisomes. Although its precise metabolic function is not yet fully understood, ACOXL is believed to contribute to lipid metabolism and the regulation of fatty acid breakdown. Research into ACOXL may offer insights into metabolic disorders and diseases associated with lipid storage and oxidation.

SLC44A1 (Solute Carrier Family 44 Member 1) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for transporting choline, an essential nutrient involved in the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the maintenance of cell membrane structure. This transporter supports vital processes such as nerve signalling and cell health. Disruptions in choline transport may impact brain function and have been associated with neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.

ADGRL4 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor L4), also known as ELTD1, is a protein involved in angiogenesis and vascular development. It plays a crucial role in regulating endothelial cell function and the formation of new blood vessels, affecting processes such as wound healing, cancer progression, and cardiovascular health.

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the bloodstream and act as a primary form of energy storage. Excess calories from food are converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells, which are then released by hormones to provide energy between meals. Elevated triglyceride levels, particularly when combined with high LDL or low HDL cholesterol, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke.

CSNK1G1 (Casein Kinase 1 Gamma 1) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the casein kinase 1 family, involved in crucial cellular processes such as cell division, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and Wnt signalling. Through its function in Wnt signalling, CSNK1G1 may impact development and holds potential significance in cancer biology.

Plaice intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting plaice, a type of flatfish. Unlike a plaice allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, or nausea after consumption. It reflects a digestive sensitivity rather than an allergic reaction.

Aspartic acid is an amino acid that supports brain health and hormone production. It plays a key role in hormone synthesis and release, while also aiding nervous system function. Found naturally in foods such as poultry, eggs, cheese, and asparagus, aspartic acid is often used in supplements by athletes to enhance performance. Maintaining adequate levels helps support energy production and hormonal balance.

Whipworms (Trichuris trichiura) are intestinal parasites named for their distinctive whip-like shape. Infection occurs through ingestion of eggs found in soil contaminated with human faeces. While many cases present no symptoms, heavy infestations can cause diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, rectal prolapse. Children are particularly vulnerable, as chronic infections may affect growth and cognitive development.

PDE6C (Phosphodiesterase 6C) is a gene that encodes a subunit of the phosphodiesterase 6 enzyme, which is essential for phototransduction in the retina. This process converts light into electrical signals in photoreceptor cells, enabling vision. Mutations in PDE6C are linked to visual impairments and retinal disorders, underscoring its crucial role in visual function.

CWF19L2 (Cell Cycle and WD Repeat Domain-Containing Protein 19-Like 2) is a gene that encodes a protein with WD repeat domains, which are recognised for facilitating protein-protein interactions. While its exact function is not fully understood, it is believed to play a role in cellular signalling or regulatory processes, with ongoing research aimed at clarifying its specific contributions.

ACTL7B (Actin-Like 7B) is a member of the actin family, a group of proteins that form essential parts of the cell’s cytoskeleton. Actins play crucial roles in maintaining cell shape, facilitating movement, and supporting cell division. Although the precise function of ACTL7B is not yet fully understood, it is thought to contribute to cell structure and function, particularly in reproductive cells.

Hake intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty digesting hake — a type of fish commonly used in various cuisines. Unlike a hake allergy, which provokes an immune response and can cause severe reactions, hake intolerance primarily affects the digestive system. Symptoms usually include gastrointestinal discomfort after eating hake or foods containing it.

CSNK2A1 (Casein Kinase 2 Alpha 1) is a gene that encodes the alpha subunit of casein kinase 2, a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and signal transduction. Altered activity of CSNK2A1 has been linked to cancer development and certain developmental disorders.

Hydrogen breath testing is a diagnostic tool that measures the amount of hydrogen in the breath, which is produced by bacterial fermentation in the intestines. This test is commonly used to identify conditions such as Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), fructose intolerance, and sorbitol intolerance. Elevated hydrogen levels indicate that undigested carbohydrates are being fermented by gut bacteria, which can cause symptoms including bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal discomfort.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that fulfils two crucial functions in the body. It is a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for producing cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which act as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or vigorous exercise when glucose levels are diminished.

CYP2C9 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 9) is an enzyme that plays a vital role in metabolising many drugs and natural compounds in the body. It helps the liver detoxify and eliminate these substances. Variations in the CYP2C9 gene can influence how individuals process medications, affecting drug effectiveness and side effects, which is important for personalised medicine and dosing decisions.

Peanut allergy is a common food allergy that occurs when the immune system overreacts to proteins found in peanuts, which are legumes rather than true nuts. It often begins in childhood and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild irritation to severe, life-threatening reactions such as anaphylaxis.

GTPBP10 (GTP-binding protein 10) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular regulation through interactions with guanine nucleotides. As a member of the GTP-binding protein family, GTPBP10 is associated with processes such as protein synthesis, ribosome assembly, and mitochondrial function. Although its exact roles are still being studied, it may contribute to GTPase activity and play a part in maintaining cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis.

Candida dubliniensis is a yeast species closely related to Candida albicans and can be part of the normal microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Under certain conditions, such as weakened immunity, dysbiosis, or high sugar intake, it can overgrow and contribute to fungal imbalance and gastrointestinal symptoms. It is less common than C. albicans but shares many similar characteristics, including its ability to form biofilms and cause mucosal infections. Measuring its levels in stool helps assess fungal overgrowth and the balance of the gut mycobiome.

DLG2 (Discs Large Homolog 2) is a gene that encodes a protein from the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family, which is important for synaptic assembly and function. This protein plays a key role in the nervous system by supporting synaptic plasticity and neuronal signalling. Changes in DLG2 have been associated with neurological disorders, highlighting its importance in brain development and function.

Succinate is a key metabolic intermediate that plays an essential role in the Krebs cycle, the process by which cells produce energy. It helps convert nutrients into ATP, the primary energy source for cellular functions. Beyond energy production, succinate also participates in amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and acts as a signalling molecule that influences inflammation and the body’s response to low oxygen levels.

GALNT13 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initiation of O-linked glycosylation—a key post-translational modification process. It transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to specific protein sites in the Golgi apparatus, affecting protein trafficking, secretion, and cell surface interactions. GALNT13 plays a role in cell signalling, adhesion, and immune response, with its dysregulation linked to diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders.

Timothy grass pollen allergy is a condition caused by an immune reaction to the pollen of Timothy grass, a common grass species found in temperate regions and frequently used for hay. This allergy is a form of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with symptoms that typically occur during the grass’s pollination period, usually in late spring and early summer.

Hookworms are parasitic worms that inhabit the small intestine and feed on the host’s blood. They are commonly found in areas with poor sanitation and can cause anaemia, protein deficiency, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and fatigue. Infection typically occurs through skin contact with soil contaminated by hookworm larvae.

EDNRA (Endothelin Receptor Type A) is a receptor that binds endothelins, peptides involved in regulating blood vessel constriction and blood pressure. It plays a vital role in cardiovascular function and may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

CTNNA2 (Catenin Alpha 2) is a gene involved in cell adhesion and signalling, playing a key role in the nervous system. It contributes to synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity, essential for brain development and function. Alterations in CTNNA2 have been associated with neurological disorders.

FAAP24 (Fanconi Anaemia-Associated Protein 24) is a key protein linked to Fanconi anaemia, a rare genetic disorder characterised by bone marrow failure and an increased risk of cancer. FAAP24 plays an essential role in the DNA repair process, helping to maintain genomic stability. It contributes to the complex mechanisms that protect the integrity of our genetic material by coordinating DNA repair activities.

FUT2 (Fucosyltransferase 2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the synthesis of histo-blood group antigens and the determination of secretor status. It catalyses the transfer of fucose to specific molecules, enabling the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids found in bodily fluids and epithelial tissues. FUT2 activity influences the expression of the H antigen — a key precursor to ABO blood group antigens — and plays a critical role in whether these antigens are present in secretions such as saliva.

NIPSNAP3A (Nipsnap Homolog 3A) is a gene that encodes a protein believed to be involved in intracellular trafficking and mitochondrial function. Although its precise role remains unclear, it is thought to contribute to cellular metabolism and energy production. Ongoing research on NIPSNAP3A may provide insights into mitochondrial health and metabolic disorders.

Folate, also known as folic acid, is a vital B-vitamin essential for cell growth and DNA synthesis. It plays a crucial role during pregnancy in helping to prevent birth defects. Folate is naturally present in leafy green vegetables, fruit, beans, and fortified foods. Supplements are commonly taken during pregnancy and for certain health conditions. A deficiency in folate can lead to fatigue and a weakened immune system.

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that supports muscle endurance and exercise performance. It aids in the production of carnosine, a compound that buffers acid in muscles and reduces fatigue during high-intensity activity. Commonly found in meat, fish, and poultry, beta-alanine is also widely used in supplements to enhance workout capacity and delay muscle exhaustion.

VMP1 (Vacuole Membrane Protein 1) is a gene involved in autophagy, a vital cellular process responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular components. It plays a key role in the formation of autophagosomes, which help maintain cellular equilibrium. Dysregulation of VMP1 can disrupt cell homeostasis and has been associated with conditions such as pancreatitis and certain types of cancer.

GSTM3 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 3) is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the glutathione S-transferase family, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances. It plays a crucial role in metabolising carcinogens, medications, and by-products of oxidative stress. Variations in GSTM3 may affect an individual’s susceptibility to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions linked to detoxification pathways.

Brussels sprouts intolerance is a condition affecting the digestive system, making it difficult for some people to properly digest Brussels sprouts, a cruciferous vegetable. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance generally causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, gas, or discomfort after eating.

CXCR2 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2) is a receptor that binds C-X-C motif chemokines, such as CXCL5, and is primarily found on neutrophils. It plays a crucial role in guiding neutrophil movement and activation during inflammation. CXCR2 is involved in various pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), making it a significant target for therapeutic interventions.

VPS37B is a gene that encodes a protein involved in the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. It plays a crucial role in intracellular membrane trafficking and protein sorting, particularly in the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). By helping to direct ubiquitinated proteins towards lysosomal degradation, VPS37B contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulating signal transduction pathways.

ARRB1 (Arrestin Beta 1) is a protein that plays a key role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. It is involved in the desensitisation and internalisation of activated GPCRs, helping to switch off downstream signals. ARRB1 is important for processes such as sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormonal regulation.

IRX6 (Iroquois Homeobox 6) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor from the Iroquois homeobox family, known for its role in early embryonic development. It contributes to the formation and patterning of organs and tissues, particularly in the heart and craniofacial regions. Alterations in IRX6 may be linked to developmental abnormalities and are of interest in studies of congenital and craniofacial disorders.

DIAPH3 (Diaphanous-Related Formin 3) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for cell shape, movement, and adhesion. It also plays a key role in cell division and has been linked to conditions such as auditory neuropathy and disorders affecting cellular motility.

Lemon intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty in digesting lemons or lemon-based products. Unlike a lemon allergy, which triggers an immune response, lemon intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that supports vision, immune defence, skin integrity, and reproductive health. It plays a key role in low-light vision, maintaining healthy mucous membranes, and promoting normal growth. Found in foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, leafy greens, liver, and dairy products, Vitamin A deficiency can lead to impaired vision, reduced immunity, and skin issues.

SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) is a gene that encodes a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter involved in regulating the body’s acid-base balance. Predominantly expressed in the kidneys and pancreas, it plays a crucial role in bicarbonate reabsorption and pH regulation. Disruptions in SLC4A4 function can impair the body’s ability to maintain acid-base homeostasis, contributing to conditions such as renal tubular acidosis.

SPINK5 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kazal Type 5) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for regulating enzyme activity in the skin. This protein helps maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and supports immune defence. Mutations in SPINK5 are associated with Netherton syndrome, a condition characterised by skin inflammation, scaling, and an increased risk of allergies.

AKR1A1 (Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member A1) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in cellular detoxification and metabolism. It helps reduce aldehydes and ketones, contributing to the regulation of oxidative stress and the breakdown of harmful compounds. AKR1A1 also plays a role in glucose and steroid metabolism, as well as the synthesis of prostaglandins and neurotransmitters, supporting overall cellular balance and protection against oxidative damage.

DES (Desmin) is a gene that encodes an intermediate filament protein essential for the structural stability of muscle cells. It helps maintain the integrity and function of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Mutations in DES are linked to muscle disorders, including myopathies and cardiomyopathies, emphasising its key role in muscle health.

Black radish intolerance is a condition that reflects the body's difficulty in digesting black radish, a root vegetable known for its strong flavour and medicinal properties. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after consumption.

Ramson (wild garlic) is a flavoursome and aromatic herb commonly used in cooking for its distinctive taste. While it offers culinary and potential health benefits, some individuals may experience ramson intolerance, which can lead to digestive discomfort or adverse reactions after consumption.

Zirconium is a metal commonly used in dental implants and various consumer products. While pure zirconium is generally safe, some of its compounds can irritate the lungs if inhaled. Care should be taken when handling powders or sprays containing zirconium to prevent respiratory irritation.

Carob intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest carob, a naturally sweet pod often used as a cocoa alternative in foods and drinks. Unlike a carob allergy, which triggers an immune response, carob intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or discomfort after consumption.

ADH4 (Alcohol Dehydrogenase 4) is an enzyme belonging to the alcohol dehydrogenase family. It plays a key role in the metabolism of various alcohols, including ethanol. Additionally, ADH4 is involved in converting retinol (vitamin A) into retinaldehyde, a crucial step for vision and overall retinoid metabolism.

MICB (MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence B) is a gene that encodes a stress-induced protein involved in immune system activation. It acts as a ligand for the NKG2D receptor on natural killer (NK) cells and certain T cells, aiding the immune system in recognising and responding to infected or transformed cells. MICB expression increases under conditions of cellular stress, such as viral infection or tumour development, enhancing immune surveillance and targeted cell destruction.

TPMT (Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase): TPMT is an enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs, such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine, which are used in autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment. Genetic variations in TPMT affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown and toxicity risk. Individuals with low TPMT activity are at higher risk of severe bone marrow suppression. Testing TPMT helps adjust thiopurine dosage to reduce adverse effects and improve treatment safety.

Yeast is a type of fungus naturally found in the human body, especially in the gut and on the skin. In normal quantities, it is harmless and part of the healthy microbiome. However, an imbalance can cause overgrowth, which may lead to various health issues. Factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and overall health can influence yeast levels.

AAK1 (AP2-Associated Kinase 1) is a gene that encodes a protein kinase involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis — a key process cells use to internalise molecules from their surroundings. AAK1 helps regulate the internalisation and trafficking of cell surface receptors, supporting essential cellular functions such as signalling and membrane recycling.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by reduced levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can result in symptoms such as bloating, wind, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

SLC24A2 (Solute Carrier Family 24 Member 2) is a gene that encodes a potassium-dependent sodium/calcium exchanger, which helps maintain calcium balance within cells. It is primarily expressed in the retina and brain, indicating important roles in vision and neural function. Changes or malfunctions in SLC24A2 may affect neurological and visual health.

The secretory IgA (sIgA) level indicates the quantity of a key immune protein called Immunoglobulin A, predominantly found in mucosal areas such as the intestines, respiratory tract, and saliva. Secretory IgA plays a crucial role in the body’s primary defence by attaching to pathogens and blocking their entry, thereby helping to protect mucosal surfaces and support overall immune and gut health.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is an essential nutrient that supports the body’s ability to convert food into energy. It plays a key role in metabolising fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, while also promoting healthy skin, hair, and nails. Although biotin deficiency is uncommon, supplements are frequently used to improve hair and nail strength.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and aid digestion and vitamin production, certain types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

Iron is an essential mineral crucial for producing haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. It plays a vital role in energy production, cognitive function, and maintaining a healthy immune system. Iron is commonly found in red meat, beans, fortified cereals, and leafy green vegetables. Many people, especially women and vegetarians, may need supplements to maintain adequate levels. Iron deficiency can cause tiredness and weaken immune response.

Quark intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty digesting quark, a dairy product similar to cottage cheese or yoghurt. It typically results in digestive discomfort without involving the immune system. This differs from a quark allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms. People with quark intolerance usually experience gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming quark or foods containing it.

SLC22A23 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 23) is a gene that encodes a transporter protein involved in the movement of organic ions and small molecules across cell membranes. Although its precise function and substrates are not fully established, SLC22A23 is thought to play a role in the transport of organic compounds in various tissues, potentially affecting drug metabolism and other physiological processes.

ARHGAP9 (Rho GTPase Activating Protein 9) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in regulating Rho family GTPases—molecules that control cell shape, movement, and structure. By modulating these signalling pathways, ARHGAP9 plays a role in cell migration, adhesion, and growth. It has been studied in cancer research for its potential influence on tumour cell invasion and metastasis.

SLC35F1 (Solute Carrier Family 35 Member F1) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in transporting nucleotide sugars across cellular membranes. These sugars are essential for glycosylation — a key process that modifies proteins, affecting their folding, stability, and function. By supporting proper glycosylation, SLC35F1 plays a vital role in maintaining cellular function, immune response, and potentially influencing disease processes such as cancer.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol commonly known as “good” cholesterol. It helps protect heart health by transporting excess cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, where it can be eliminated from the body. Higher HDL levels are linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.

HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin) is a biomarker that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months. It forms when glucose binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and serves as a key indicator for long-term blood sugar control. Elevated HbA1c levels suggest poor glucose regulation and are commonly used to diagnose and manage diabetes.

GFI1 (Growth Factor Independent 1 Transcriptional Repressor) is a gene that encodes a transcriptional repressor involved in regulating haematopoiesis and immune function. It plays a key role in the development of neutrophils and T cells, as well as stem cell differentiation. Disruptions in GFI1 activity have been associated with immune deficiencies and blood-related cancers, highlighting its importance in immune and haematological health.

ADAMTS8 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase With Thrombospondin Motifs 8) is an enzyme involved in remodelling the extracellular matrix, which is essential for tissue development and repair. It plays a role in regulating angiogenesis and may act to inhibit tumour growth and the spread of cancer. Research on ADAMTS8 explores its impact on cancer progression and vascular diseases.

Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant that influences brain activity by increasing levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline. It is commonly prescribed to treat conditions like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy, helping to enhance focus, attention, and alertness. Although it is also found in some weight loss medications, amphetamine carries a risk of misuse and dependence.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports the health of the skin, nervous system, and digestive system. It is found in foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Niacin also helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels and overall metabolic function. A deficiency may cause fatigue, skin issues, and cognitive problems, and supplementation may be necessary in certain medical conditions.

Opiates are a class of narcotics derived from the opium poppy, including natural compounds such as morphine and codeine. They are primarily used for pain relief but are also known for their high potential for dependence and abuse. Opiates work by binding to specific receptors in the brain, altering the perception of pain and often producing feelings of euphoria.

Salmon allergy is a type of fish allergy caused by an immune reaction to specific proteins found in salmon. It is more commonly seen in adults than in children and can be triggered by eating either raw or cooked salmon. Symptoms can vary in severity and may affect the skin, digestive system, or respiratory tract.

SHPRH (SNF2 Histone Linker PHD RING Helicase) is a gene that encodes a DNA helicase involved in repairing DNA damage and maintaining genomic stability. It plays a key role in the DNA damage response by helping to repair double-strand breaks, which prevents mutations that could lead to cancer. SHPRH is recognised as a tumour suppressor, with mutations linked to increased risks of various cancers.

Ketones are substances produced when the body breaks down fats for energy, especially during low carbohydrate intake such as fasting or following a ketogenic diet. This process, called ketosis, primarily occurs in the liver and produces key ketones like beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone. Ketones act as an alternative energy source, particularly for the brain, but elevated levels can indicate serious conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with diabetes.

Transglutaminase IgG (tTG-IgG) is a blood test that detects IgG antibodies against tissue transglutaminase, an enzyme found in the lining of the intestines. It is primarily used to assist in diagnosing coeliac disease, particularly in individuals with IgA deficiency or inconclusive tTG-IgA results, by indicating an immune response to gluten.

Bacteria in water are microscopic organisms that can be either harmless or disease-causing. While some bacteria support ecological balance, others can pose health risks. Pathogenic bacteria often enter water sources through sewage, animal waste, or natural environments, making proper water management essential to prevent illness.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid that plays a key role in maintaining overall health. Found primarily in plant oils such as linseed, soybean, and rapeseed, ALA supports cardiovascular function and cognitive well-being, making it an important part of a balanced diet.

BSN (Bassoon Presynaptic Cytomatrix Protein) is a gene that encodes a protein essential for organising active zones at synaptic terminals. This protein supports neurotransmitter release and plays a key role in synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are critical for learning and memory. Changes in BSN function or expression may affect neurological health and have been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders.

D2HGDH (D-2-Hydroxyglutarate Dehydrogenase) is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the metabolism of D-2-hydroxyglutarate, a cellular by-product. It helps prevent the harmful accumulation of this compound. Dysfunction of D2HGDH is linked to D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a condition associated with symptoms such as developmental delays, epilepsy, and heart problems.

Serine is an amino acid that plays a significant role in brain function, mental health, and muscle development. It contributes to the production of neurotransmitters and supports immune system activity. Serine is naturally produced in the body and is also found in foods such as soybeans, nuts, eggs, fish, dairy products, and meat. Some people use serine supplements to support cognitive and muscular health.

Black pepper intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to comfortably digest black pepper, a widely used culinary spice. It typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort rather than triggering an immune response, differentiating it from a black pepper allergy.

IRS1 (Insulin Receptor Substrate 1) is a key signalling protein that helps mediate the body’s response to insulin and growth factors. Acting as an adaptor, IRS1 connects activated insulin receptors to various downstream pathways, regulating processes like glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, protein production, and cell growth. Dysregulation of IRS1 is linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and may also play roles in cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter often referred to as the “happiness chemical,” involved in regulating mood and emotional well-being. It also plays important roles in sleep, digestion, bone health, and blood clotting. Mainly produced in the gut, serotonin influences both the brain and body by affecting various physiological functions and emotional states. Imbalances in serotonin levels can have significant effects on mental and physical health.

ADGRB1 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor B1) is a protein that belongs to the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family. Also known as BAI1, it plays important roles in processes such as clearing apoptotic cells (phagocytosis) and supporting synaptic development in the brain.

Anti-Thyroglobulin (A-TG) antibodies are immune system proteins that target thyroglobulin, an essential protein in the thyroid gland involved in the production of thyroid hormones. Elevated A-TG levels often indicate autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease. These conditions can affect thyroid function and overall health, making A-TG monitoring important for diagnosis and management.

NUDT15 (Nudix Hydrolase 15) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of thiopurine medications, including azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine. Genetic variations in NUDT15 can decrease its activity, increasing the risk of severe side effects such as bone marrow suppression. Testing for NUDT15 helps determine the appropriate thiopurine dosage to reduce toxicity and improve treatment safety.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of histamine, a compound involved in immune function, digestion, and nervous system activity. Maintaining healthy DAO levels is essential for regulating histamine balance and reducing the risk of histamine intolerance.