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Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is a chemical that acts both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter in the body. It plays a crucial role in the fight-or-flight response, increasing alertness, arousal, and reaction speed. Noradrenaline also contributes to mood regulation and helps maintain blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a hormone and neurotransmitter released by the adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in the body’s fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for rapid action during stress. Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates airways, and boosts energy availability, supporting quick and effective survival reactions.

TPO antibodies (TPO-ab) are antibodies directed against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme essential for the production of thyroid hormones. Elevated levels of TPO antibodies may indicate an autoimmune reaction affecting the thyroid gland and are commonly associated with conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. TPO antibodies can sometimes be elevated even when thyroid hormone levels are still within normal ranges.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the bacterium that causes gonorrhoea, a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the mucous membranes of the genital tract, urinary tract, rectum or throat. It may cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, burning when urinating or lower abdominal pain, but it can also be present without noticeable symptoms.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the urethra, rectum, and throat, and in women, may also infect the cervix. Most common among people aged 15–24, gonorrhoea can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgM antibodies are immune proteins that may develop as part of the body’s immune response to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgM antibodies are sometimes associated with a recent immune response, but they can be difficult to interpret and may also appear during recurrent infections. A positive result does not confirm an active infection and does not distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) IgG antibodies are immune proteins that may develop after exposure to herpes simplex virus, including HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. IgG antibodies usually appear later than IgM antibodies and can remain detectable in the body for a long time. A positive result may indicate previous exposure to HSV, but this marker does not show whether the infection is active or distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Dust mite allergen, which is a common indoor allergen causing respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that fulfils two crucial functions in the body. It is a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for producing cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which act as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or vigorous exercise when glucose levels are diminished.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a vital role in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. It is essential for brain development and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive levels of glutamate can cause neuronal overstimulation, leading to potential neurotoxicity. This balance makes glutamate crucial for normal brain function while also linking it to various neurological disorders.

Edam cheese intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty digesting Edam cheese, a semi-hard cheese known for its mild and nutty flavour. Unlike an Edam cheese allergy, which involves the immune system and can provoke severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Those with Edam cheese intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, or nausea after consuming Edam cheese or products containing it.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by reduced levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can result in symptoms such as bloating, wind, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that reflects an individual’s difficulty in digesting green tea, a widely consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant content. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.