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CBS (Cystathionine beta-synthase): CBS is an enzyme essential for sulphur metabolism, playing a key role in converting homocysteine to cysteine. This process supports the production of glutathione, an important antioxidant for protecting cells against oxidative stress. CBS also participates in the transsulphuration pathway, which regulates sulphur-containing amino acids and hydrogen sulphide, a signalling molecule involved in various physiological functions. Proper CBS activity is important for maintaining cellular redox balance, vascular function, and neurotransmitter regulation. Dysregulation of CBS is linked to metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and cardiovascular diseases.

PRIMA1 (Proline Rich Membrane Anchor 1): PRIMA1 is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for anchoring acetylcholinesterase to neuronal membranes. This protein is crucial for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and plays an important role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmission. It is also significant in research into neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are vital for bone strength, muscle function, nerve signalling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in redox reactions, by cycling between its oxidised form (NAD⁺) and reduced form (NADH). Beyond energy production, NAD⁺ is vital for cell signalling, DNA repair, and regulating gene expression, making it indispensable for maintaining cellular health and function.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder marked by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of histamine, a compound involved in immune function, digestion, and nervous system activity. Maintaining healthy DAO levels is essential for regulating histamine balance and reducing the risk of histamine intolerance.

BTN3A2 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 3 Member A2) is a protein belonging to the butyrophilin family, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. BTN3A2 is involved in the activation and differentiation of T cells, essential components of the body’s immune defence. It contributes to immune surveillance and has been associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer.

HTR2C (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2C) is a serotonin receptor subtype involved in regulating mood, appetite, and behaviour. It plays a key role in central nervous system (CNS) functions and is a target for certain psychiatric medications. Variations or dysfunctions in HTR2C have been linked to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as metabolic disorders.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol commonly known as “good” cholesterol. It helps protect heart health by transporting excess cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, where it can be eliminated from the body. Higher HDL levels are linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.

C10ORF67 (Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 67), also referred to as SASP, is a gene involved in regulating cell proliferation and migration. Although its precise molecular function remains unclear, it is associated with signalling pathways that affect cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This association underlines its potential significance in ageing, cancer development, and tissue regeneration.

Tiger nut intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to properly digest tiger nuts — small, edible tubers often enjoyed as snacks or used in culinary dishes. Unlike a tiger nut allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction, intolerance primarily affects the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as bloating, wind, or abdominal discomfort after consumption.

Quinolinic acid is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It plays a key role as an excitotoxin in the central nervous system. Elevated levels of quinolinic acid have been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy, and certain psychiatric disorders including depression.

BBX (Bobby Sox Homolog) is a transcriptional regulator that helps control cell proliferation and differentiation. It plays an important role in embryonic development and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Proper BBX function is essential for normal development and maintaining regular biological cycles.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by reduced levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can result in symptoms such as bloating, wind, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

HP1BP3 (Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binding Protein 3) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin structure and gene regulation. It interacts with components of heterochromatin, playing a role in genomic stability, DNA repair, and gene silencing. HP1BP3 may influence cellular differentiation and has potential implications in diseases such as cancer, where these processes are often disrupted.

Artichoke intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting artichokes. Unlike an artichoke allergy, which involves the immune system and can lead to more severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Those with this intolerance often experience symptoms such as bloating or stomach upset after consuming artichokes.

PIGN (Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class N) is a gene involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, which attach certain proteins to the cell membrane. These GPI-anchored proteins are vital for functions such as cell adhesion, signal transmission, and immune system activity. Mutations in PIGN can impair GPI anchor formation, resulting in conditions characterised by developmental delays, neurological issues, and congenital defects.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein primarily produced by the liver that helps protect the lungs and other organs from enzymes that cause inflammation. Measuring AAT levels in faeces can help detect intestinal protein loss and inflammation, assisting in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and protein-losing enteropathy.

Yeast is a type of fungus naturally found in the human body, especially in the gut and on the skin. In normal quantities, it is harmless and part of the healthy microbiome. However, an imbalance can cause overgrowth, which may lead to various health issues. Factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and overall health can influence yeast levels.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid that plays a key role in maintaining overall health. Found primarily in plant oils such as linseed, soybean, and rapeseed, ALA supports cardiovascular function and cognitive well-being, making it an important part of a balanced diet.

Zirconium is a metal commonly used in dental implants and various consumer products. While pure zirconium is generally safe, some of its compounds can irritate the lungs if inhaled. Care should be taken when handling powders or sprays containing zirconium to prevent respiratory irritation.

Boiled milk intolerance is a condition that describes difficulty digesting milk that has been boiled or heat-treated through processes such as pasteurisation or sterilisation. Unlike a milk allergy, which triggers an immune response, boiled milk intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloating, wind, or diarrhoea after consumption.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of inflammation in the body. Unlike standard CRP tests, hs-CRP can detect subtle inflammation, making it particularly useful for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Raised hs-CRP levels may indicate a higher risk of heart disease, even when other risk factors are absent.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, although symptoms are more commonly observed in women. This infection can cause irritation and increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.

SSBP3 (Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 3) is a protein that binds specifically to single-stranded DNA. It plays an important role in DNA repair and replication, helping to maintain genomic stability. By supporting the cell’s response to DNA damage, SSBP3 is crucial for proper cellular function and has potential implications in cancer biology.

DLG5 (Discs Large Homolog 5) is a protein that belongs to the Discs Large (DLG) family, involved in organising cellular structures and facilitating signal transmission at cell junctions. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells and may be linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease.

Arginine is an essential amino acid that supports blood circulation, wound healing, and immune system function. It plays a vital role in the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes and dilates blood vessels to enhance circulation. Arginine naturally occurs in foods such as red meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, nuts, and legumes. It is also widely used in supplements by bodybuilders and athletes to encourage muscle growth.

Dopamine is a crucial neurotransmitter that supports the brain’s reward and motivation systems. It plays vital roles in regulating mood, pleasure, focus, memory, and movement control. Imbalances in dopamine levels can impact mental well-being and are associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease.

Black radish intolerance is a condition that reflects the body's difficulty in digesting black radish, a root vegetable known for its strong flavour and medicinal properties. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after consumption.

DCAF4 (DDB1 And CUL4 Associated Factor 4) is a key component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, which is responsible for tagging proteins for degradation through ubiquitination. This process is essential for regulating protein levels, maintaining cellular balance, and managing stress responses. DCAF4 helps determine which proteins are targeted, playing important roles in cell cycle control, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Disruptions in DCAF4 function can lead to cellular imbalances and have been associated with cancer and other diseases, underscoring its importance in proteostasis and cellular health.

Glycine is an amino acid that supports sleep quality, skin health, and overall recovery. As a building block of proteins, it plays a vital role in collagen production, wound healing, and maintaining healthy skin. Glycine is found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, and is commonly used in supplements to promote restful sleep and tissue repair.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several vital functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defences. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although rare, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

Carob intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest carob, a naturally sweet pod often used as a cocoa alternative in foods and drinks. Unlike a carob allergy, which triggers an immune response, carob intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or discomfort after consumption.

GPSM1 (G Protein Signalling Modulator 1) is a gene involved in regulating G protein signalling pathways, which are essential for cellular responses to external signals. It plays a role in cell polarisation and directional movement. GPSM1 has been studied for its potential involvement in cancer, particularly in tumour cell migration and invasion.

AGMO (Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in the breakdown of ether lipids. This enzyme contributes to the regulation of bioactive lipids, which influence cell signalling and inflammatory responses. Alterations in AGMO activity may be linked to lipid-related disorders and inflammatory conditions.

FDX1 (Ferredoxin 1) is a mitochondrial protein involved in electron transport, playing a key role in various metabolic pathways such as steroid hormone synthesis and cellular detoxification. It also contributes to the formation of iron-sulphur clusters — essential cofactors for numerous enzymes. Disruptions in FDX1 function can affect energy production and have been linked to mitochondrial-related diseases.

Nectarine intolerance refers to a sensitivity that affects the body’s ability to properly digest nectarines, juicy stone fruits closely related to peaches. This intolerance may cause digestive discomfort, such as bloating, wind, or stomach pain, in some individuals after consumption.

The secretory IgA (sIgA) level indicates the quantity of a key immune protein called Immunoglobulin A, predominantly found in mucosal areas such as the intestines, respiratory tract, and saliva. Secretory IgA plays a crucial role in the body’s primary defence by attaching to pathogens and blocking their entry, thereby helping to protect mucosal surfaces and support overall immune and gut health.

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that supports vision, immune defence, skin integrity, and reproductive health. It plays a key role in low-light vision, maintaining healthy mucous membranes, and promoting normal growth. Found in foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, leafy greens, liver, and dairy products, Vitamin A deficiency can lead to impaired vision, reduced immunity, and skin issues.

Xanthurenate is a metabolite produced during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Its levels can indicate vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) status, as this vitamin serves as an essential cofactor in the process. Elevated xanthurenate may suggest a deficiency in vitamin B6.

Kiwi intolerance is a digestive condition characterised by difficulty in processing kiwi fruit. Unlike a kiwi allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe and immediate reactions, kiwi intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort and symptoms after consuming the fruit.

C11ORF21 (Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 21) is a gene with a currently unclear or uncharacterised biological function. Although identified through genomic studies, its specific role in cellular activity and potential links to health or disease remain under investigation as part of ongoing research in human genetics.

Carp intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting carp, a type of freshwater fish commonly used in many dishes. Unlike a carp allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe symptoms, carp intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming carp or foods containing it.

Selenium is an essential mineral that supports thyroid function, a healthy immune system, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays a key role in combating infections and maintaining overall immune health. Selenium is found in foods such as Brazil nuts, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Maintaining adequate selenium levels is important for preventing cell damage and supporting immune defence, while deficiency can impair thyroid function and weaken immune response.

Perch intolerance is a non-allergic reaction to perch, a freshwater fish known for its mild flavour. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, perch intolerance typically involves difficulty digesting certain proteins or compounds in the fish, leading to gastrointestinal or other non-immune-related symptoms.

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that supports muscle endurance and exercise performance. It aids in the production of carnosine, a compound that buffers acid in muscles and reduces fatigue during high-intensity activity. Commonly found in meat, fish, and poultry, beta-alanine is also widely used in supplements to enhance workout capacity and delay muscle exhaustion.

Timothy grass pollen allergy is a condition caused by an immune reaction to the pollen of Timothy grass, a common grass species found in temperate regions and frequently used for hay. This allergy is a form of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with symptoms that typically occur during the grass’s pollination period, usually in late spring and early summer.

Black caviar intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system's ability to process black caviar — a salt-cured fish roe delicacy. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, nausea, or discomfort after consumption.

HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin) is a biomarker that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months. It forms when glucose binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and serves as a key indicator for long-term blood sugar control. Elevated HbA1c levels suggest poor glucose regulation and are commonly used to diagnose and manage diabetes.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and aid digestion and vitamin production, certain types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

TPMT (Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase): TPMT is an enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs, such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine, which are used in autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment. Genetic variations in TPMT affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown and toxicity risk. Individuals with low TPMT activity are at higher risk of severe bone marrow suppression. Testing TPMT helps adjust thiopurine dosage to reduce adverse effects and improve treatment safety.

Ramson (wild garlic) is a flavoursome and aromatic herb commonly used in cooking for its distinctive taste. While it offers culinary and potential health benefits, some individuals may experience ramson intolerance, which can lead to digestive discomfort or adverse reactions after consumption.

DES (Desmin) is a gene that encodes an intermediate filament protein essential for the structural stability of muscle cells. It helps maintain the integrity and function of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Mutations in DES are linked to muscle disorders, including myopathies and cardiomyopathies, emphasising its key role in muscle health.

Cocaine is a powerful illegal stimulant derived from the coca plant. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected, producing short-lived intense euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness. Cocaine use carries serious health risks including heart attacks, strokes, and addiction. It is known for its high potential for abuse and is classified as a Class A drug in the United Kingdom.

SPINK5 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kazal Type 5) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for regulating enzyme activity in the skin. This protein helps maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and supports immune defence. Mutations in SPINK5 are associated with Netherton syndrome, a condition characterised by skin inflammation, scaling, and an increased risk of allergies.

SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) is a gene that encodes a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter involved in regulating the body’s acid-base balance. Predominantly expressed in the kidneys and pancreas, it plays a crucial role in bicarbonate reabsorption and pH regulation. Disruptions in SLC4A4 function can impair the body’s ability to maintain acid-base homeostasis, contributing to conditions such as renal tubular acidosis.

Lemon intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty in digesting lemons or lemon-based products. Unlike a lemon allergy, which triggers an immune response, lemon intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

IRX6 (Iroquois Homeobox 6) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor from the Iroquois homeobox family, known for its role in early embryonic development. It contributes to the formation and patterning of organs and tissues, particularly in the heart and craniofacial regions. Alterations in IRX6 may be linked to developmental abnormalities and are of interest in studies of congenital and craniofacial disorders.

Savory intolerance refers to a sensitivity some individuals have to savoury, an aromatic herb valued for its bold and flavoursome taste. While savoury is commonly used to enhance a variety of dishes, those with this intolerance may experience discomfort when consuming it.

GSTM3 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 3) is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the glutathione S-transferase family, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances. It plays a crucial role in metabolising carcinogens, medications, and by-products of oxidative stress. Variations in GSTM3 may affect an individual’s susceptibility to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions linked to detoxification pathways.

ARRB1 (Arrestin Beta 1) is a protein that plays a key role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. It is involved in the desensitisation and internalisation of activated GPCRs, helping to switch off downstream signals. ARRB1 is important for processes such as sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormonal regulation.

ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor Alpha) is a protein that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family and functions as a transcription factor. It plays a key role in mediating the effects of oestrogen, a steroid hormone, by regulating gene expression in various tissues. ESR1 is typically inactive in the cytoplasm but becomes active and moves to the cell nucleus upon binding to oestrogen, where it influences cellular processes.

VMP1 (Vacuole Membrane Protein 1) is a gene involved in autophagy, a vital cellular process responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular components. It plays a key role in the formation of autophagosomes, which help maintain cellular equilibrium. Dysregulation of VMP1 can disrupt cell homeostasis and has been associated with conditions such as pancreatitis and certain types of cancer.

EDNRA (Endothelin Receptor Type A) is a receptor that binds endothelins, peptides involved in regulating blood vessel constriction and blood pressure. It plays a vital role in cardiovascular function and may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

GALNT13 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initiation of O-linked glycosylation—a key post-translational modification process. It transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to specific protein sites in the Golgi apparatus, affecting protein trafficking, secretion, and cell surface interactions. GALNT13 plays a role in cell signalling, adhesion, and immune response, with its dysregulation linked to diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders.

GTPBP10 (GTP-binding protein 10) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular regulation through interactions with guanine nucleotides. As a member of the GTP-binding protein family, GTPBP10 is associated with processes such as protein synthesis, ribosome assembly, and mitochondrial function. Although its exact roles are still being studied, it may contribute to GTPase activity and play a part in maintaining cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis.

EPS8L3 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate 8-Like 3) is a gene associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway, which plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, survival, and response to external signals. Its involvement indicates potential roles in cellular communication and cancer development. Further research may elucidate its functions and significance in disease progression and therapy.

CYP2C9 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 9) is an enzyme that plays a vital role in metabolising many drugs and natural compounds in the body. It helps the liver detoxify and eliminate these substances. Variations in the CYP2C9 gene can influence how individuals process medications, affecting drug effectiveness and side effects, which is important for personalised medicine and dosing decisions.

ARSB (Arylsulfatase B) is an enzyme responsible for breaking down certain glycosaminoglycans, particularly dermatan sulphate. Proper ARSB activity helps prevent the build-up of these molecules in tissues. Deficiency or mutations in ARSB lead to Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), a condition characterised by skeletal abnormalities, organ involvement, and other systemic effects from dermatan sulphate accumulation.

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that fulfils two crucial functions in the body. It is a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for producing cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which act as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or vigorous exercise when glucose levels are diminished.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic protozoan parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an intestinal infection characterised by prolonged and recurring diarrhoea. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and has been linked to numerous foodborne outbreaks worldwide.

SORCS3 (Sortilin-Related VPS10 Domain Containing Receptor 3) is a protein that belongs to the VPS10 domain-containing receptor family, involved in protein trafficking and sorting within cells. It plays a key role in the nervous system by regulating the movement of proteins important for synaptic function. Changes in SORCS3 activity have been associated with neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.

Cashew nut intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process cashew nuts, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cashew nut allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance usually results in symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach pain after eating.

DIO1 (Type 1 Deiodinase) is an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone activity by converting thyroxine (T4) — the inactive form — into triiodothyronine (T3), the active form. Found mainly in the liver, kidney, and thyroid gland, DIO1 plays a key role in maintaining optimal thyroid hormone levels and supporting tissue-specific metabolic responses.

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a vital role in the health of both men and women. In men, it is primarily produced in the testes and is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues, as well as promoting muscle growth, body hair, libido, and mood regulation. In women, testosterone is produced in smaller quantities by the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it helps support bone strength, ovarian function, and sexual desire.

CWF19L2 (Cell Cycle and WD Repeat Domain-Containing Protein 19-Like 2) is a gene that encodes a protein with WD repeat domains, which are recognised for facilitating protein-protein interactions. While its exact function is not fully understood, it is believed to play a role in cellular signalling or regulatory processes, with ongoing research aimed at clarifying its specific contributions.

FOLH1 (Folate Hydrolase 1), also known as Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), is a gene involved in folate metabolism and the activation of folate for DNA synthesis and repair. It plays a key role in cell growth and division. FOLH1 is notably expressed in prostate cancer cells, making it a valuable target for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

CSNK1G1 (Casein Kinase 1 Gamma 1) is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the casein kinase 1 family, involved in crucial cellular processes such as cell division, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and Wnt signalling. Through its function in Wnt signalling, CSNK1G1 may impact development and holds potential significance in cancer biology.

SLC44A1 (Solute Carrier Family 44 Member 1) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for transporting choline, an essential nutrient involved in the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the maintenance of cell membrane structure. This transporter supports vital processes such as nerve signalling and cell health. Disruptions in choline transport may impact brain function and have been associated with neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.

ACYP2 (Acylphosphatase 2) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in hydrolysing acylphosphates, contributing to cellular energy metabolism. It plays a role in muscle function, potentially affecting muscle efficiency and endurance. Variations in ACYP2 have been associated with ageing and age-related conditions, highlighting its potential link to energy regulation and lifespan.

FAM9A (Family with Sequence Similarity 9 Member A) is a protein-coding gene belonging to a family of genes with sequence similarity. Although its specific functions are still being studied and are not yet fully understood, FAM9A is expressed in several tissues, including the brain, testis, and ovaries. This indicates it may have roles in important cellular processes within these organs. Genes in the FAM family often participate in cell signalling, transcription regulation, or protein interactions, although the precise functions of FAM9A remain under investigation.

DCSTAMP (Dendritic Cell-Specific Transmembrane Protein) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in immune function and bone health. It plays a key role in the fusion of cells to form osteoclasts and dendritic cells, which are essential for bone remodelling and immune response. Disruption of DCSTAMP can affect bone density and the regulation of the immune system.

Spelt intolerance refers to adverse reactions or symptoms some individuals may experience after consuming spelt, a type of wheat. Unlike spelt allergies, it does not involve an immune system response to specific proteins but is related to difficulties digesting certain components found in spelt.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline, altering the perception of pain.

Malt is a product obtained from the fermentation of barley grain and is commonly used in brewing, baking, and as a natural sweetener. Although malt is a versatile ingredient, some people may suffer from intolerance, which can affect their ability to properly digest products containing malt.

TAS2R5 (Taste 2 Receptor Member 5): TAS2R5 is a bitter taste receptor in humans that plays a vital role in detecting bitterness. These receptors aid in identifying potentially harmful substances in food. Variations in TAS2R5 and other taste receptors can influence dietary preferences and nutritional choices, which may impact metabolism and overall health.

Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria found in environments such as soil, water, and the human gut. Certain species, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, can cause serious infections in the lungs, bloodstream, urinary tract, and wounds. These bacteria are notable for their resistance to many antibiotics, making them a significant challenge in healthcare settings.

CHD6 (Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 6) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin remodelling, which helps regulate gene expression and maintain genomic stability. This protein plays a key role in cellular development and differentiation, and disruptions in its function have been associated with certain cancers.

The PSA ratio, or free-to-total PSA ratio, is a measure that indicates the proportion of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to total PSA in the blood. It is calculated by dividing the free PSA (unbound to proteins) by the total PSA (free plus protein-bound), then multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. This ratio helps differentiate between benign prostate conditions and prostate cancer, particularly in men with moderately raised total PSA levels.

ASPRV1 (Aspartic Peptidase, Retroviral-Like 1): ASPRV1 is a gene that encodes an aspartic peptidase enzyme. Its specific function is still under investigation, but it may be involved in proteolytic processes within cells. Ongoing research seeks to better understand its roles and potential implications.

AS3MT (Arsenic (+3) Methyltransferase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the detoxification of arsenic, a toxic environmental metalloid. This enzyme facilitates the methylation of arsenic, enabling it to be more readily eliminated from the body. AS3MT plays a crucial role in arsenic metabolism and may affect an individual’s susceptibility to arsenic-related health effects.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including the inhibition of mineralisation and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

The AGT gene plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and maintaining the body's fluid balance. Variations or mutations in the AGT gene can influence the risk of developing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the function of AGT is essential for managing these health conditions.

ADCY5 (Adenylate Cyclase 5) is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP), a crucial signalling molecule. This enzyme helps regulate essential cellular functions such as neurotransmission and hormone signalling, and it may influence neurological and metabolic processes.

ACP1 (Acid Phosphatase 1, Soluble) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and energy metabolism. It exists in several isoforms with distinct roles, affecting immune function and cellular signalling. Variations in ACP1 have been linked to an increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune disorders and metabolic conditions.

AAK1 (AP2-Associated Kinase 1) is a gene that encodes a protein kinase involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis — a key process cells use to internalise molecules from their surroundings. AAK1 helps regulate the internalisation and trafficking of cell surface receptors, supporting essential cellular functions such as signalling and membrane recycling.

Turkey intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty digesting turkey meat. Unlike a turkey allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can result in severe reactions, turkey intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after eating turkey.

Succinate is a key metabolic intermediate that plays an essential role in the Krebs cycle, the process by which cells produce energy. It helps convert nutrients into ATP, the primary energy source for cellular functions. Beyond energy production, succinate also participates in amino acid and fatty acid synthesis and acts as a signalling molecule that influences inflammation and the body’s response to low oxygen levels.

SHISA4 (Shisa Family Member 4) is a protein involved in regulating synaptic function and neuronal excitability. It modulates the activity of key receptors in the central nervous system, including AMPA and NMDA receptors, playing a vital role in neuronal signalling and synaptic plasticity. Due to its role in synaptic modulation, SHISA4 is of interest in research into neurological disorders and synaptic dysfunction.

Globulin is a group of blood proteins that play important roles in the body, including transporting hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. They are also key components of the immune system, with some globulins functioning as antibodies that help defend against infections. Produced by the liver and immune system, globulin levels can provide insight into immune health, liver function, and nutritional status.