Aubergine intolerance, also referred to as eggplant intolerance in some areas, is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting aubergine. Unlike an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance mainly results in gastrointestinal discomfort. Individuals with aubergine intolerance usually experience digestive issues after eating aubergine.

Cabbage intolerance refers to difficulty digesting cabbage, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which triggers an immune response, this intolerance is related to digestion and typically causes symptoms after consuming cabbage.

Herring intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest herring, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, herring intolerance is usually confined to digestive symptoms following the consumption of this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe reactions, intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort. People with chamomile tea intolerance usually experience gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly referred to as the flour mite, is a species frequently found in stored grains and flour. These mites can prosper in kitchen cupboards and pantries, especially in damp conditions. For sensitive individuals, exposure may provoke allergic reactions and can be particularly troublesome for those with existing respiratory ailments.

Honey intolerance is a condition where individuals struggle to digest honey, a natural sweetener made by bees. It can cause digestive discomfort and is different from a honey allergy, which involves an immune response and may lead to more serious symptoms. Those with honey intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating honey or products that contain it.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol often called “bad” cholesterol. It transports cholesterol particles through the bloodstream, and elevated levels can contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries. This accumulation, known as atherosclerosis, can narrow and harden the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Rye intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest rye, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike rye allergy, which provokes an immune system response and can lead to more severe symptoms, rye intolerance generally results in digestive problems after consuming rye or products made from rye.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including the inhibition of mineralisation and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

Shrimp allergy is a common shellfish allergy caused by an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most frequent food allergies in adults and can trigger symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis. This allergy is usually lifelong and may be triggered by consuming shrimp or even inhaling steam during cooking.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter located in the liver cell membrane. It helps maintain the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Avocado intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest avocado, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike avocado allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions, avocado intolerance is confined to digestive symptoms occurring after eating avocado.

Urinary leukocytes are white blood cells present in urine. They are usually absent or found in very small quantities, and elevated levels often indicate infection or inflammation in the urinary tract or kidneys. Their detection is a key marker for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other kidney-related disorders.

Non-HDL cholesterol is a measure of all the harmful types of cholesterol, including LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), and other lipid particles that contribute to plaque buildup in your arteries. It is calculated by subtracting your HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or "good" cholesterol level from your total cholesterol number. Non-HDL cholesterol is considered a more comprehensive indicator of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it includes all the atherogenic particles.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They are part of the normal genital flora but can cause infection under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are linked to conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. Although they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always strictly classified as STIs.

Fennel intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest fennel, an aromatic herb commonly used in Mediterranean and Indian cooking. It usually causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is distinct from a fennel allergy, which involves an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms. People with fennel intolerance generally experience digestive problems after eating fennel or foods flavored with fennel.

Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can affect humans and animals. These flat, segmented worms can grow to considerable lengths. They typically enter the body through the consumption of contaminated food or water. While tapeworm infections may sometimes be asymptomatic, they can also cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea, and weight loss.

Threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis) are tiny intestinal parasites that cause strongyloidiasis. They may be asymptomatic or cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and, in severe cases, malabsorption. Transmission takes place through skin contact with contaminated soil. These worms are notable for their ability to reproduce within the host, which can lead to persistent, long-lasting infections.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are a type of parasitic worm commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach to the intestinal walls of their hosts, causing chronic blood loss, anaemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin from contaminated soil, putting individuals who come into contact with such environments at risk of infection.

King crab, a highly prized delicacy in seafood cuisine, is cherished for its rich flavour and tender texture. However, some people may experience intolerance to king crab, which can restrict their ability to enjoy this seafood.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disturbed sleep, and irritability due to their egg-laying at night. Infection spreads via the faecal-oral route, often through ingesting microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

Dill intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest dill, an herb commonly used for its distinctive flavour in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It generally causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms. Those with dill intolerance usually experience digestive problems after consuming dill or foods containing it.

Beef intolerance is a condition in which the digestive system reacts negatively to the consumption of beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which causes an immune response and can be more severe, beef intolerance is associated with difficulties in digesting or processing certain components of beef.

ATP1B3 (ATPase Na+/K+ Transporting Subunit Beta 3): ATP1B3 is a component of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump, which maintains cellular ion gradients essential for regulating cell volume and electrical activity. This subunit affects the pump’s activity and specificity, supporting muscle function, nerve signalling, and kidney filtration. Changes in ATP1B3 may be associated with cardiovascular and neurological conditions.

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, is a measurement of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It indicates the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine and acts as a marker of hydration status and kidney function. Although normal values may vary, abnormalities can suggest dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney conditions.

Lamb intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest lamb meat, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe symptoms, lamb intolerance usually leads to digestive problems that arise after eating lamb.

HORMAD1 (HORMA Domain-Containing Protein 1): HORMAD1 is a gene that encodes a protein containing a HORMA domain, which is involved in chromosome dynamics during meiosis. It plays a key role in regulating homologous chromosome pairing and segregation, contributing to genetic diversity and proper gamete formation.

Halibut intolerance is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting halibut, a flatfish commonly consumed as a seafood delicacy. It can cause gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune system response and may lead to more severe symptoms. People with halibut intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating halibut or dishes made with it.

Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. It serves as a precursor to several important compounds, including the neuroprotective kynurenic acid and the neurotoxic quinolinic acid, and plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the body.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds usually absent or present only in small quantities in urine. Their presence can indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), as certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic method for detecting UTIs.

HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1): HPRT1 is an essential gene involved in purine metabolism. It catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate (IMP), a key precursor for purine nucleotide synthesis. Mutations in HPRT1 can result in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic disorder associated with neurological and behavioural abnormalities.

SERTAD2 (SERTA Domain Containing 2): SERTAD2 is a multifunctional protein containing a SERTA domain, which is associated with cell cycle regulation. Beyond its role in cell cycle progression, SERTAD2 is involved in crucial cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and chromatin remodelling. Its interactions with various transcription factors and co-regulators establish it as an important regulator of gene expression.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly referred to as the European house dust mite, is a prevalent indoor allergen. These microscopic creatures thrive in warm, humid conditions and feed on organic material such as shed human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in susceptible individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While it is not typically consumed by humans, some individuals may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This is different from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune reaction and may trigger more severe symptoms.

Grass pollen allergies are an indicator of sensitivity to various grass species — including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can have a considerable impact on individuals susceptible to allergic reactions, affecting respiratory health, causing eye irritation, and reducing overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, recognising symptoms, and implementing effective management strategies can help alleviate discomfort and enhance quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Carrot allergy is an allergic reaction caused by specific proteins found in carrots. Although rare, it can affect individuals who are sensitive to certain plant-based foods. It is often associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS), especially in people allergic to birch or mugwort pollen, due to cross-reactive proteins.

KMO (Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the kynurenine pathway, responsible for metabolising the amino acid tryptophan. It helps regulate the balance of metabolites within this pathway, influencing processes that can affect brain health. KMO activity has been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia.

PKP4 (Plakophilin 4): PKP4 is a protein that supports cell–cell adhesion, particularly within desmosomes — specialised structures that link neighbouring cells. It helps maintain tissue integrity, especially in areas exposed to mechanical stress. Mutations in PKP4 can disrupt this function, contributing to certain skin and cardiac disorders.

Grape intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest grapes, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a grape allergy, which provokes an immune response and can lead to severe reactions, grape intolerance generally results in digestive symptoms following the consumption of grapes or products derived from grapes.

Urobilinogen in urine is a by-product of red blood cell breakdown, formed in the intestines from bilirubin and excreted in the urine. It is normally present in low concentrations and acts as an indicator of liver function and health. Abnormally high or low levels may suggest liver disease or blood-related conditions.

THADA (Thyroid Adenoma Associated): THADA is a gene linked to thyroid adenomas, a type of thyroid tumour. It may play a role in thyroid tumourigenesis and has been implicated in the development of thyroid cancer, making it a subject of ongoing research in thyroid diseases.

Pancreatic elastase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a vital role in protein digestion. Measuring its levels in stool can provide valuable insights into pancreatic function. As the enzyme remains stable in faecal matter, it serves as a reliable marker for assessing the exocrine function of the pancreas, particularly in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency.

SCAMP1 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 1): SCAMP1 is a protein involved in membrane trafficking processes, particularly in the recycling of membrane proteins and in exocytosis. It plays a key role in cellular communication and the transport of substances within cells, which is essential for various cellular functions.

Allergies to seafood such as plaice, anchovy, and Alaska pollock occur when the immune system reacts to specific proteins in these fish. These reactions can cause a range of symptoms and may significantly affect diet and lifestyle. Understanding the triggers, symptoms, and management strategies is important for those living with these allergies.

Chicken intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest chicken, leading to digestive discomfort. Unlike a chicken allergy, which causes an immune response and can result in more immediate and severe reactions, chicken intolerance generally produces gastrointestinal symptoms after eating.

COL11A1 (Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain): COL11A1 is a gene that encodes a key component of type XI collagen, which is crucial for the structure and integrity of connective tissue. Mutations in COL11A1 are associated with several connective tissue disorders, including certain forms of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Stickler syndrome.

The quantitative determination of nitrogen (N) is a laboratory test that measures nitrogen levels in bodily excretions, typically urine or faeces, to assess protein digestion and absorption. This test is essential for evaluating nutritional status, especially in clinical settings where protein-energy malnutrition or imbalances may be a concern. It provides key insights into metabolic functions related to protein turnover and can help diagnose conditions affecting protein metabolism, including kidney disease, malabsorption syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a single-celled parasite that inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract. It is associated with dientamoebiasis, a condition that can cause a range of digestive symptoms. Its precise mode of transmission and role in the disease are still being researched.

SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5): SLC22A5 is a protein, also known as OCTN2, that acts as a key carnitine transporter in the body. It enables the cellular uptake of carnitine, a compound essential for transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. This process is crucial for energy metabolism in tissues such as the heart and muscles. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene can lead to primary carnitine deficiency, a condition characterised by muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy, emphasising its vital role in metabolic health and energy balance.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest cucumber, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which provokes an immune response and can lead to more severe reactions, cucumber intolerance generally results in digestive symptoms after eating.

Baker’s yeast intolerance is a condition where individuals have difficulty digesting baker’s yeast, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a baker’s yeast allergy, which provokes an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance is limited to digestive issues. Symptoms usually appear after consuming foods or drinks containing baker’s yeast.

ATXN1 (Ataxin 1): ATXN1 is a gene that encodes the ataxin-1 protein, which plays a role in neuronal function. Mutations in ATXN1, particularly those involving expanded CAG repeats, lead to spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) — a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive loss of motor coordination and balance. Studying ATXN1 is important for understanding SCA1 and developing potential treatments for related neurological diseases.

GPR139 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in areas involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter systems and neuronal activity. It is believed to modulate neurotransmission, especially dopamine and glutamate signalling, and may function as an inhibitory receptor by decreasing cAMP levels and reducing neuronal excitability.

AMBRA1 (Autophagy and Beclin 1 Regulator 1): AMBRA1 is a key protein that regulates autophagy, the process by which cells break down and recycle their components. It supports cell survival during stress by collaborating with BECN1 (Beclin 1) to initiate the formation of autophagosomes. Proper functioning of AMBRA1 is essential for cellular homeostasis, and its dysregulation has been linked to developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

ALX4 (ALX Homeobox 4): ALX4 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in skull and limb development. Mutations in this gene are associated with craniofacial malformations and skeletal abnormalities, highlighting its significance in bone formation and morphogenesis.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in protein turnover by breaking down acetylated peptides. It is involved in the processing of damaged or misfolded proteins, helping to preserve protein homeostasis. Malfunctions in APEH can affect neurodegenerative processes and the body's response to oxidative stress.

SCARB1 (Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 1): SCARB1 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It is essential for lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Variants in SCARB1 can affect cholesterol levels and have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk.

ALDH1A2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A2): ALDH1A2 is an enzyme belonging to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family that catalyses the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. This conversion is essential for developmental processes such as embryogenesis, tissue patterning and organ formation, as it regulates gene expression and cell differentiation through retinoic acid signalling. ALDH1A2 is highly expressed in developing tissues, including limb buds, the central nervous system and sensory organs.

Palladium is a metal used in electronics, jewellery, and dental materials. While valuable in various industries, high levels of inhalation or ingestion can be toxic, particularly in occupational settings. Exposure may cause respiratory, skin, and digestive problems, and some individuals may develop allergic reactions such as dermatitis.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition in which individuals have difficulty digesting Alaska pollock, a type of fish, resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause more severe symptoms, intolerance typically leads to digestive issues after consumption.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may lead to serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also result in a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the womb.

KCTD1 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 1): KCTD1 is a protein that interacts with potassium channels, influencing their activity. It plays important roles in cellular functions such as signal transduction and ion transport. Mutations in KCTD1 have been associated with developmental disorders, particularly those affecting the skin and hair.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that indicates a woman’s ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of eggs remaining. It is commonly used to assess fertility potential and is an important marker in reproductive medicine.

AHCY: Encodes the enzyme adenosylhomocysteinase, which plays a key role in converting S-adenosylhomocysteine to homocysteine, a vital step in the body's methylation processes and detoxification.

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is the form of vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein in the blood. It is the only form that can be absorbed by cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it directly available for cellular functions. Measuring holoTC provides a more accurate indication of recent vitamin B12 status than total vitamin B12, as it represents the fraction that is immediately available for use by the body.

Mussels intolerance is a condition in which the body struggles to digest mussels, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. It is different from a mussels allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe symptoms. People with mussels intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating this type of shellfish.

Flaxseed intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting flaxseeds, small seeds valued for their rich nutritional content and health benefits. It primarily affects the gastrointestinal system, leading to discomfort after consumption. Unlike a flaxseed allergy, which triggers an immune reaction and can be more severe, flaxseed intolerance mainly results in digestive symptoms when flaxseeds or foods containing flaxseeds are eaten.

Rucola (arugula/rocket) is a leafy green vegetable known for its distinctive peppery flavour and is commonly used in salads, sandwiches, and as a garnish. While generally well-tolerated, some individuals may experience arugula intolerance, which can cause discomfort when consuming it.

NCOR1 (Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1) is a protein that plays a key role in regulating gene expression and transcriptional repression. Located mainly in the cell nucleus, NCOR1 modulates the activity of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. It functions as a corepressor for receptors such as thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). By recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and other chromatin-modifying enzymes, NCOR1 helps form repressive chromatin structures, leading to reduced gene transcription.

TWIST1 (Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1): TWIST1 is a gene that encodes a protein essential for embryonic development, particularly in directing mesenchymal cell lineage determination. It plays a role in craniofacial formation and is linked to Saethre-Chotzen syndrome — a congenital disorder characterised by craniosynostosis.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that supports sleep and mood. It helps the body produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences sleep, emotions, and appetite. Found in foods such as turkey, chicken, milk, and nuts, tryptophan plays a key role in relaxation, sleep, and overall mental well-being.

Rosemary intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s inability to properly tolerate rosemary, a fragrant and aromatic herb widely used for its distinctive flavour and scent. While rosemary is commonly enjoyed in many dishes, individuals with this intolerance may experience discomfort or adverse reactions upon consumption.

The presence of HSV-1 IgG antibodies indicates past or ongoing infection with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital infections. IgG antibodies typically appear a few weeks after initial infection and remain in the body for life, serving as a marker of previous exposure. This test does not indicate whether the infection is currently active but helps confirm whether the immune system has encountered the virus. A positive result may be clinically relevant in evaluating symptoms or in pre-screening before certain medical procedures.

Pollen from cypress trees, prevalent in the spring and fall. Known to cause hay fever and asthma symptoms.

Fish commonly consumed and used in various culinary dishes. Cod allergies can provoke digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.

Pollen from rye grass, a significant cause of hay fever and respiratory allergies during its pollen season.

Pollen from olive trees, typically causing hay fever and other respiratory allergies during blooming periods.

Stone fruit that can cause allergies ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

RBPJ (Recombination Signal Binding Protein For Immunoglobulin Kappa J Region): RBPJ is a key transcription factor in the Notch signalling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cell fate, differentiation, and development. Proper function of RBPJ is essential for tissue development and cell specialisation, while dysregulation of RBPJ and Notch signalling is associated with various diseases, including cancers and developmental disorders.

Allergenic animal dander that can cause respiratory symptoms and skin reactions

LRFN5 (Leucine Rich Repeat and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5): LRFN5 is a member of the LRFN family of proteins. It is involved in neuronal development and synaptic function, playing a role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. Dysfunctions in LRFN5 may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Taurine is an amino acid essential for the function of the heart muscle, vision, and nerve health. It supports cardiovascular function, helps maintain healthy eyes, and contributes to nerve growth and activity. Taurine is naturally found in foods such as meat, fish, and dairy products.

TRIB1 (Tribbles Pseudokinase 1): TRIB1 is a gene that encodes a pseudokinase protein belonging to the Tribbles family. TRIB1 plays key roles in regulating multiple cellular signalling pathways, including those involved in growth, metabolism, and inflammation. It has been linked to lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cancer, with its complex functions continuing to be an active area of research.

Allergenic protein found in the skin, saliva, and urine of cats, which can cause respiratory issues and asthma.

MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor): MITF is a key regulator that highlights its role in the development and function of melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production. It is essential for normal pigmentation, and mutations in MITF can result in pigmentary disorders and increase the risk of melanoma, a form of skin cancer. MITF also plays a role in the development of certain retinal cells and is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.

MME, also known as Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase or neprilysin, is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that plays a key role in regulating peptide signalling molecules. It is primarily found on the cell membrane of various cell types, including neurons, endothelial cells, and immune cells. MME is particularly important for breaking down peptides involved in blood pressure regulation, such as bradykinin and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), converting them into inactive fragments and helping to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis.

TMEM171 (Transmembrane Protein 171): TMEM171 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein. While its specific functions are not yet fully understood, transmembrane proteins typically play important roles in cell signalling, transport of molecules across membranes, and cellular communication. Further research is required to clarify the precise roles of TMEM171 in cellular processes.

Grass pollen that is a significant cause of seasonal allergies, especially in late spring and early summer.

Anti-deamidated gliadin antibodies (anti-DGP) are immune proteins produced in response to deamidated fragments of gliadin, a component of gluten. These antibodies, especially when both IgA and IgG subtypes are measured, provide high sensitivity and specificity for detecting celiac disease. Elevated levels indicate an immune response to gluten, often before intestinal damage becomes apparent. Testing for anti-DGP is particularly useful in individuals with suspected celiac disease, including those who have been on a gluten-free diet for a short time. Measuring both IgA and IgG allows for better detection across different immune profiles.

Asparagus intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting asparagus, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an asparagus allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, asparagus intolerance generally results in digestive symptoms after eating it.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Apple allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in apples, often associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS). It typically affects individuals allergic to birch pollen, as similar proteins in apples can cause cross-reactivity. Symptoms range from mild oral irritation to more noticeable reactions, although severe cases are rare.

Tyrosine is an amino acid that supports brain function and mood. It helps produce neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which influence mood, focus, and mental alertness. Found in foods like cheese, soy products, fish, and poultry, tyrosine is important for emotional well-being, stress response, and thyroid function.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite produced from the breakdown of catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It is used as a clinical marker to evaluate catecholamine activity, with levels typically measured in urine. Various factors, including certain foods and medications, can affect VMA levels.

Free testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Unlike bound testosterone, free testosterone is biologically active and readily available to interact with cells, making it a key indicator of hormonal activity in the body. It plays a vital role in regulating libido, energy levels, muscle strength, and mood in both men and women.

NMRK1 (Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1): NMRK1 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway by catalysing the conversion of nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide mononucleotide. NAD+ is essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signalling. Through its role in NAD+ production, NMRK1 is important for maintaining cellular energy balance and genomic stability, with implications for ageing, metabolic disorders, and conditions linked to NAD+ depletion.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a measure indicating the presence of an essential Omega-3 fatty acid in the body, primarily derived from fish and seafood. EPA is recognised for its anti-inflammatory properties and plays a crucial role in supporting cardiovascular health and maintaining a balanced range of bodily functions.

JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2): JAK2 is a gene that encodes a kinase enzyme belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family. JAK2 plays a key role in cytokine signalling pathways and is essential for the activation of immune and blood-forming (haematopoietic) cells. Mutations in JAK2 are linked to blood disorders, including polycythaemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Yolk intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty in digesting egg yolks. Unlike an egg allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe reactions, yolk intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. People with this intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after eating egg yolks.

TRPM6 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 6): TRPM6 is a channel that plays a crucial role in magnesium (Mg) absorption and homeostasis. It is essential for maintaining proper magnesium balance in the body, and mutations in TRPM6 can lead to hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia, a condition characterised by low magnesium and calcium (Ca) levels in the blood.