DNA

ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1): ABCA1 is a membrane protein essential for transporting cholesterol and phospholipids from cells to lipid-poor apolipoproteins, forming nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. This reverse cholesterol transport process helps maintain cholesterol balance and supports healthy lipid metabolism. ABCA1 is mainly expressed in the liver and in peripheral tissues such as macrophages, where it aids in cholesterol removal, contributing to cardiovascular protection. Mutations or reduced expression of ABCA1 can disrupt lipid homeostasis and increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme): ACE is a key enzyme in the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that influences blood vessel tone, electrolyte levels, and stimulates the release of aldosterone. ACE also plays important roles in heart function, kidney health, and inflammatory processes. Imbalances in ACE activity are associated with conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and kidney disease.

ACKR1 (Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1): ACKR1 is a receptor that binds chemokines without initiating a signal, acting as a decoy to regulate the immune response. Formerly known as the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), ACKR1 influences leukocyte migration by sequestering chemokines. It also plays a crucial role in malaria resistance by serving as a receptor for Plasmodium vivax. Variations in ACKR1 can affect susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its importance in immunity and disease.

ADRA2A (Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor 2A): ADRA2A is a G protein-coupled receptor that responds to the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. It plays a key role in regulating blood pressure, controlling vasoconstriction, and mediating the body’s fight-or-flight response.

ARHGAP20 (Rho GTPase Activating Protein 20): ARHGAP20 is a gene involved in regulating Rho GTPases, which are key mediators of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell shape, movement, and growth. By promoting the inactivation of Rho GTPases, ARHGAP20 helps control cell migration and maintain cellular structure. Dysregulation of this signalling pathway may contribute to cancer progression, making ARHGAP20 a potential target for studying metastasis and developing anti-metastatic treatments.

ATP10B (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 10B): ATP10B is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the P-type ATPase family, involved in transporting lipids across cellular membranes. While its specific functions are not fully understood, ATP10B may play an important role in lipid metabolism and maintaining cellular homeostasis, with potential links to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s.

ATP8B2 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B2): ATP8B2 is a gene that encodes an ATPase enzyme involved in the transport of phospholipids across cell membranes. This process is essential for maintaining membrane integrity and cellular homeostasis. ATP8B2 is believed to play a role in regulating the lipid composition of cell membranes.

AUTS2 (Activator Of Transcription And Developmental Regulator AUTS2): AUTS2 is a gene involved in neurodevelopment and associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. It plays a role in gene regulation and brain development, with mutations potentially impacting neural growth and function.

BNIP5 (BCL2/Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa Interacting Protein 5): BNIP5 is a protein involved in regulating apoptosis and cell survival. It interacts with members of the Bcl-2 family — key proteins that control cell death and survival — and plays an important role in research on cancer development and cellular stress responses.

CADM1 (Cell Adhesion Molecule 1): CADM1 is a protein-coding gene that plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, a process essential for cellular communication and development. It is particularly important in the nervous system and immune response. Mutations in CADM1 have been associated with several cancers and neurological disorders, highlighting its significance in both normal physiology and disease.

CAPS (Calcium-Activated Protease Substrate): CAPS is a protein that serves as a substrate for calcium-activated proteases, playing a crucial role in cellular processes regulated by intracellular calcium levels. It is involved in cell migration, division, and apoptosis—key functions for tissue development and repair. CAPS helps regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion, which are essential for maintaining cell structure and function. Its regulation through calcium signalling emphasises its role in cellular homeostasis and responses to physiological and pathological conditions. Dysregulation of CAPS may contribute to various disease states.

CATSPER2 (cation channel, sperm-associated 2): CATSPER2 is vital for sperm motility and fertility, as it forms part of the calcium channel complex in sperm required for the hyperactivated motility essential for fertilisation. Mutations in CATSPER2 can result in male infertility due to impaired sperm function. Research into CATSPER2 offers insights into reproductive health and potential targets for contraception or infertility treatment.

CAV1 (Caveolin-1): CAV1 is a key structural protein of caveolae — small invaginations in the plasma membrane found in many vertebrate cells. It plays an important role in cellular processes such as signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and endocytosis. Acting as a scaffolding protein, CAV1 regulates multiple signalling pathways, including the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is essential for maintaining vascular tone and blood flow. Alterations in CAV1 expression or function have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disorders.

CAVIN1 (Caveolae Associated Protein 1): CAVIN1 is a vital protein necessary for the formation and function of caveolae — small plasma membrane invaginations involved in processes such as endocytosis and signal transduction. It supports lipid metabolism, endothelial health, and cellular mechanoprotection. Mutations in CAVIN1 are linked to conditions like lipodystrophy and muscular dystrophies, emphasising its role in cell structure and metabolism.

CCND3 (Cyclin D3): CCND3 is a protein that plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle, particularly in the transition from the G1 phase to the S phase. Like CCND2, it is essential for proper cell division. Dysfunctions or abnormalities in CCND3 have been linked to various types of cancer, especially lymphomas and leukaemias.

CD151 (Cluster of Differentiation 151): CD151 is a cell surface protein that belongs to the tetraspanin family. It plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, and signal transduction by interacting with other proteins on the cell membrane. Through these interactions, CD151 helps regulate cellular communication and movement.

CDH23 (Cadherin-related 23): CDH23 encodes a protein that belongs to the cadherin superfamily, recognised for its role in cell-to-cell adhesion. CDH23 is particularly crucial for the structure and function of the hair cells in the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. Mutations in CDH23 are linked to Usher syndrome and non-syndromic hearing loss, emphasising its importance for sensory function. Research on CDH23 centres on understanding hearing mechanisms and developing treatments for related hearing impairments.

CERS6, also known as Ceramide Synthase 6, is an enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of ceramides—essential components of cell membranes and important signalling molecules in cellular processes. Located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), CERS6 catalyses the formation of ceramides by attaching fatty acyl-CoA to sphingoid bases. It is specifically involved in producing ceramide species with distinct acyl chain lengths and saturation, which affect their biophysical properties and cellular functions.

CLDN11 (Claudin 11): CLDN11 is a protein that forms part of tight junctions — structures essential for maintaining barrier integrity in tissues. It plays a key role in the central nervous system and testes, contributing to myelin sheath formation and spermatogenesis. Mutations in CLDN11 may result in neurological impairments and reproductive disorders.

CNDP1 (Carnosine Dipeptidase 1): CNDP1 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for breaking down carnosine, a dipeptide with potential antioxidant properties. This enzyme plays an important role in metabolic processes and is particularly relevant in diabetes, where it may help protect against diabetic nephropathy. Understanding CNDP1 is key to developing strategies for preventing diabetic complications.

CNOT2 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 2): CNOT2 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, which regulates gene expression by controlling mRNA turnover and degradation. It is involved in various aspects of RNA metabolism and can influence key cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and stress response.

CNOT4 (CCR4-NOT Transcription Complex Subunit 4): CNOT4 is a component of the CCR4-NOT complex, which plays a key role in regulating gene expression through mechanisms such as mRNA degradation and transcriptional control. This gene is involved in several cellular processes, including immune response and development. Dysregulation of CNOT4 has been linked to cancer and other diseases, highlighting its importance in gene regulation and disease.

COL2A1 (Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain): COL2A1 is a gene that encodes type II collagen, a key structural protein found predominantly in cartilage. This collagen plays a vital role in maintaining cartilage strength and integrity. Mutations in COL2A1 are associated with several skeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis and various forms of chondrodysplasia.

COPB1 (Coatomer Protein Complex Subunit Beta 1): COPB1 is a component of the coatomer protein complex involved in intracellular transport. It is essential for the movement of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, a process vital for proper cell function and accurate protein sorting.

COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase): COQ5 (Coenzyme Q5 Homolog, Methyltransferase) is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (CoQ), a vital molecule for mitochondrial energy production. It catalyses a crucial methylation step in the CoQ pathway. Mutations in COQ5 can cause CoQ deficiency, impacting mitochondrial function and contributing to energy metabolism disorders.

CPED1 (Cadherin Like And PC-Esterase Domain Containing 1): CPED1 is a protein associated with cell adhesion and signalling. Although its precise biological function remains unclear, it may play a role in developmental processes and has been linked to variations in body mass index and adiposity.

CRHR1 (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 1): CRHR1 is a receptor for corticotropin-releasing hormone, a key regulator of the body’s stress response. It plays a central role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, influencing stress regulation, mood, and behaviour. Dysregulation of CRHR1 has been linked to psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

CRYBB2 (Crystallin Beta-B2): CRYBB2 is a protein that belongs to the crystallin family and is primarily located in the lens of the eye. It is vital for maintaining lens clarity and its refractive properties. CRYBB2 supports the structural integrity of the lens and is essential for proper vision.

CTRC (Chymotrypsin C) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in protein digestion within the pancreas. This enzyme helps regulate digestive processes, and mutations in CTRC have been linked to chronic pancreatitis — a condition characterised by persistent inflammation and pancreatic damage. Understanding CTRC is important for studying pancreatic health and related disorders.

DAB1 (Disabled Homolog 1): DAB1 is a protein crucial for brain development, particularly in regulating the positioning and migration of neurons. It plays a central role in the Reelin signalling pathway, which directs the organisation of brain structures during early development. Mutations in DAB1 can cause neurological disorders by impairing the formation of correct neural networks.

FANCI (FA Complementation Group I): FANCI is a key protein in the Fanconi anaemia (FA) pathway, essential for DNA repair. It plays a vital role in responding to DNA damage and maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in FANCI can lead to Fanconi anaemia, a disorder marked by bone marrow failure, increased cancer risk, and developmental abnormalities.

FBH1 (F-Box DNA Helicase 1): FBH1 is a gene that encodes a DNA helicase involved in DNA repair and replication. This enzyme plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing the accumulation of DNA damage. Dysfunction in FBH1 can contribute to genomic instability, a common feature in cancer, highlighting its importance in cancer biology and the study of DNA repair mechanisms.

FGF10 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 10): FGF10 is a protein essential for embryonic development, particularly in the formation of limbs and lungs. It plays a crucial role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells within these tissues. Mutations in FGF10 can lead to developmental disorders such as lung aplasia.

GALNT2 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2): GALNT2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in glycosylation, adding N-acetylgalactosamine to proteins. This modification is important for proper protein function and cellular communication. Variations in GALNT2 have been linked to lipid metabolism and are associated with blood lipid levels, influencing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

GBE1 (Glycogen Branching Enzyme 1): GBE1 is an enzyme essential for glycogen synthesis, a vital process in energy metabolism. It facilitates the formation of glycogen’s branched structure. Mutations in GBE1 can cause glycogen storage disease type IV, resulting in abnormal glycogen accumulation in cells and impairing liver and muscle function.

GCK (Glucokinase): GCK is a gene that encodes the enzyme glucokinase, a key regulator of glucose metabolism in the body. Glucokinase catalyses the first step of glucose processing in the liver and pancreatic beta cells. It acts as a glucose sensor, playing a vital role in detecting blood sugar levels, triggering insulin release, and maintaining overall glucose balance.

GLIS1 (GLIS Family Zinc Finger 1): GLIS1 is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in various tissues, including the reproductive system and skin. It plays a role in reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells, underlining its potential applications in regenerative medicine.

GLP1R (Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor): GLP1R is a receptor for the hormone GLP-1, which plays a key role in regulating insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. When activated by GLP-1 or its analogues, GLP1R enhances insulin release, reduces glucagon secretion, and promotes feelings of fullness, making it an important target in treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity.

GNB5 (G Protein Subunit Beta 5): GNB5 is a protein component of heterotrimeric G proteins, which mediate cellular responses to external signals through signal transduction pathways. It plays crucial roles in regulating heart rate, vision, and neurotransmission, functioning in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Variants in GNB5 have been linked to arrhythmias and neurodevelopmental disorders, emphasising its importance in studies of signal transduction and related diseases.

GPD2 (Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 2): GPD2 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycerol metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. It catalyses the conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a key step in lipid synthesis. This function is essential for maintaining energy storage and lipid balance in the body.

GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83): GPR83 (G Protein-Coupled Receptor 83) is a receptor located in the brain that belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. It plays a role in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and has been studied for its involvement in feeding behaviour and metabolic disorders.

HHEX (Hematopoietically Expressed Homeobox): HHEX is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in embryonic development and blood cell formation. It plays key roles in the development of the liver, thyroid, and pancreas, as well as in the differentiation of blood cells. Altered HHEX activity has been linked to developmental disorders and certain cancers, including leukaemia.

HLA-DQA2 (Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ Alpha 2): HLA-DQA2 is a gene within the HLA complex that plays a central role in regulating the immune system through antigen presentation. It encodes an alpha chain that pairs with a beta chain to form the HLA-DQ molecule, which presents foreign antigens to T cells to initiate immune responses. Variations in HLA-DQA2 are associated with susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, emphasising its significance in immune tolerance and autoimmunity.

IFNK (Interferon kappa): IFNK is a cytokine belonging to the interferon family that plays a key role in regulating immune responses, particularly in skin and mucosal immunity. It helps modulate inflammation and antiviral defences by interacting with specific receptors on target cells. IFNK is primarily expressed in epithelial tissues, where it supports defence against viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. It also contributes to tissue homeostasis and the regulation of epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of IFNK signalling has been linked to various immune-related conditions.

IKZF1 (IKAROS Family Zinc Finger 1): IKZF1 is a gene that encodes a zinc finger transcription factor essential for immune cell development and differentiation, particularly in B cells. Mutations in IKZF1 are common in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), underscoring its key role in haematopoiesis and immune regulation. Its interactions with other genes and its role in maintaining immune balance make it a focus of research in both immunology and oncology.

IL13 (Interleukin 13): IL13 is a cytokine involved in regulating immune responses, particularly in allergic inflammation and asthma. It plays a crucial role in modulating antibody production and managing inflammatory reactions, especially in allergic conditions and protection against parasitic infections.

IL16 (Interleukin 16): IL16 is a cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant for specific immune cells, helping to regulate immune responses and inflammation. It is involved in cellular signalling pathways and has been associated with various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

IL1RL1 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 1): IL1RL1 is a receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine involved in inflammation and allergic reactions. Also known as ST2, IL1RL1 mediates the effects of IL-33 in the immune system and plays a crucial role in conditions such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases. Its role in the IL-33 signalling pathway makes it a potential target for therapies aimed at treating allergic and inflammatory disorders.

KDR: KDR (also known as VEGFR2) is a gene that plays a central role in angiogenesis — the formation of new blood vessels. It encodes a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is essential for blood vessel growth, development, and repair. Alterations in KDR can influence processes in cancer, where angiogenesis supports tumour growth, as well as in cardiovascular diseases.

LCE3C (Late Cornified Envelope 3C): LCE3C is a gene that forms part of the late cornified envelope gene cluster, involved in the formation of the cornified envelope in the epidermis. This structure is essential for maintaining the skin’s barrier function. Variations in LCE3C have been associated with skin conditions such as psoriasis, emphasising its role in skin integrity and immune responses.

LRRC32 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 32): LRRC32, also known as GARP, is a protein involved in regulating immune responses, particularly within T regulatory cells. It plays a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune reactions.

LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4): LRRC4 (Leucine Rich Repeat Containing 4) is a protein predominantly expressed in the brain and involved in neural development. It contributes to the formation and maintenance of the nervous system, as well as neural cell adhesion and signalling. LRRC4 has been researched in connection with brain tumours, particularly gliomas, making it a key area of interest in neurobiology and cancer research.

MAPRE1 (Microtubule-Associated Protein, RP/EB Family, Member 1): MAPRE1, also known as EB1, is a protein involved in stabilising and regulating microtubules, essential components of the cell’s cytoskeleton. It plays a key role in cell division, chromosome segregation, and is important for neuronal development and cancer biology.

MAT1A (Methionine Adenosyltransferase I, Alpha) is an enzyme that produces S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the body’s primary methyl donor for key metabolic processes. It plays a central role in methionine metabolism, influencing gene regulation, cell growth, and detoxification. Reduced MAT1A activity is linked to liver disorders such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

MLKL (Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like): MLKL is a protein that plays a central role in necroptosis, a regulated form of programmed cell death. It is involved in mediating inflammatory responses and has been linked to various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischaemic injury, and viral infections.

MORC2 (Microrchidia 2): MORC2 is a gene that encodes a member of the MORC family of proteins. These proteins are involved in epigenetic regulation, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional control. MORC2 plays diverse roles that can influence multiple cellular processes.

MSTN (Myostatin): MSTN is a protein that acts as a negative regulator of muscle growth and development. Reducing or inhibiting myostatin activity can result in increased muscle mass and strength, making MSTN a central focus in research on enhancing muscle growth and treating muscle-wasting conditions.

MTAP (Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase): MTAP is an enzyme involved in the methionine salvage pathway, recycling methylthioadenosine produced during polyamine synthesis. It plays a crucial role in nucleotide and polyamine metabolism, supporting cell growth and differentiation. Loss of MTAP is common in various cancers and is associated with poor prognosis, making it a potential therapeutic target due to its significance in metabolic pathways essential for cell survival.

MTMR7 (Myotubularin Related Protein 7): MTMR7 is a member of the myotubularin family of enzymes that regulate cellular lipid levels, particularly phosphoinositides. It plays an important role in intracellular signalling and trafficking. Alterations in MTMR7 function can affect processes such as autophagy and endocytosis, and have been linked to research on neurodegenerative diseases.

MTR (5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase): MTR is a crucial enzyme involved in the remethylation pathway of homocysteine metabolism. It catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) to homocysteine, producing methionine and tetrahydrofolate (THF). Methionine is a precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor essential for various methylation reactions in the body, including DNA methylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and histone modification. Proper MTR activity is vital for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and supporting cellular methylation processes. Dysregulation of MTR, often due to genetic mutations or deficiencies, can affect these critical functions.

NANOS1 (Nanos C2HC-Type Zinc Finger 1): NANOS1 is a protein that acts as a post-transcriptional regulator, playing a crucial role in the development of germ cells. It is vital for sustaining germ cell viability and has been associated with research on infertility and germ cell tumours.

NBR1 (Neighbour Of BRCA1 Gene 1): NBR1 is a multifunctional autophagy receptor that regulates selective autophagy — the targeted degradation and recycling of cellular components. It helps remove ubiquitinated protein aggregates and damaged organelles, supporting cellular homeostasis and protection against stress. Its role in autophagy is closely linked to disease prevention, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and age-related conditions, emphasising its importance in cellular health and longevity.

NEBL (Nebulette): NEBL is a gene that encodes a cardiac-specific actin-binding protein essential for the structural integrity and function of heart muscle cells. It plays a key role in organising the actin cytoskeleton, which influences cardiac muscle contraction and overall heart performance. Mutations in NEBL have been linked to cardiomyopathies, highlighting its important role in maintaining cardiac muscle structure and function.

NEDD4L (NEDD4 Like E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase): NEDD4L is a gene that plays a crucial role in regulating ion transport and cellular signalling pathways. It is particularly important in controlling sodium and water balance, making it relevant to hypertension and cardiovascular health. Its function in maintaining homeostasis emphasises its significance in various health conditions.

NPSR1 (Neuropeptide S Receptor 1): NPSR1 is a gene that encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for neuropeptide S, involved in regulating arousal, anxiety, and other behavioural responses. It has been studied for its role in sleep-wake regulation and its potential impact on psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder. Variations in NPSR1 are also linked to susceptibility to asthma and other inflammatory diseases, highlighting its broader significance in health and disease.

NT5DC2 (5'-Nucleotidase Domain Containing 2): NT5DC2 is an enzyme that may be involved in nucleotide metabolism. Although its specific biological functions have not been fully characterised, enzymes in this family generally play important roles in purine and pyrimidine metabolism, which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, cellular signalling, and energy transfer.

NTN5 (Netrin 5): NTN5 is a member of the netrin family, which are key proteins involved in neural development, particularly in guiding axon growth. While NTN5’s role is less studied compared to other netrins, it is believed to play an important part in nervous system development and may have implications in neurodegenerative diseases.

OLFM3 (Olfactomedin 3): OLFM3 is a protein belonging to the olfactomedin domain-containing family, predominantly expressed in the brain. It is believed to be involved in neural development and function, although its precise roles in the nervous system are still under investigation.

OLIG1 (Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 1): OLIG1 is a transcription factor that regulates the development and maturation of oligodendrocytes — the cells responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system. It plays a vital role in myelination, a process essential for efficient nerve signal transmission. Alterations or mutations in OLIG1 can disrupt myelin formation and are linked to demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.

ORMDL3 (ORMDL Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Regulator 3): ORMDL3 is a gene that regulates the production of sphingolipids, essential components of cell membranes and signalling pathways. It helps maintain lipid balance in cells and influences inflammatory responses. Variations in ORMDL3 have been linked to a higher risk of asthma and allergic diseases, emphasising its role in immune regulation and inflammation.

PCDH8 (Protocadherin 8): PCDH8 is a gene that encodes a protein from the protocadherin family, which are cell adhesion molecules essential for forming and maintaining neural networks. It plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, vital for learning and memory. Dysregulation of PCDH8 has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and is also under investigation for its potential role in tumour suppression due to its function in cell-to-cell communication and nervous system signalling.

PFKL (Phosphofructokinase, Liver Type): PFKL is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in glycolysis — the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy. It is vital for glucose metabolism and energy production, particularly in the liver, where it facilitates glucose utilisation and storage.

PFKM (Phosphofructokinase, Muscle): PFKM is a gene that encodes an enzyme essential for glycolysis and glucose metabolism in muscle tissue. It plays a key role in producing energy during physical activity and muscle contraction, making it vital for optimal muscle performance and function.

PGLYRP2 (Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2): PGLYRP2 is a member of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family, involved in innate immunity by detecting bacterial cell wall components and triggering antibacterial responses. It helps maintain intestinal barrier integrity, supports a balanced gut microbiome, and protects against bacterial infections. PGLYRP2 is also under investigation for its role in inflammatory bowel diseases and its potential as a therapeutic target in gut immunity and inflammation.

PIEZO1 (Piezo Type Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Component 1): PIEZO1 is a mechanically activated ion channel that detects physical forces such as pressure and stretch in tissues like blood vessels and the lungs. It is essential for vascular development, blood pressure regulation, and cell volume control. Variants in the PIEZO1 gene are linked to hereditary xerocytosis — a disorder characterised by dehydrated red blood cells — and other conditions affecting mechanosensation.

PON2 (Paraoxonase 2): PON2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme belonging to the paraoxonase family, which plays a role in detoxification and antioxidant defence. This enzyme helps protect cells against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, making it important for cardiovascular health and other conditions related to oxidative damage.

PPA2 (Inorganic Pyrophosphatase 2): PPA2 is a gene that encodes an enzyme responsible for catalysing the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi). This activity is important for cellular energy metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis. Dysfunction in PPA2 may affect energy production and nucleotide metabolism.

PPARA (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha): PPARA is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism, particularly in the liver. It plays a key role in the breakdown of fatty acids, promoting their oxidation, and reducing triglyceride levels. PPARA also affects inflammatory pathways and is a therapeutic target for treating hyperlipidaemia.

PRICKLE1 (Prickle Planar Cell Polarity Protein 1): PRICKLE1 is a gene involved in the planar cell polarity pathway, which coordinates the orientation of cells within tissue planes. It plays a crucial role in neural development and function. Mutations in PRICKLE1 have been associated with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders.

RAB1A (RAB1A, Member RAS Oncogene Family): RAB1A is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the RAB family of small GTPases, which regulate various aspects of vesicle trafficking. RAB1A specifically controls transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, playing a crucial role in maintaining efficient protein transport and processing within the cell.

RAB28 (Ras-Related Protein Rab-28): RAB28 is a member of the RAB family of small GTPases, proteins involved in regulating intracellular vesicle trafficking. RAB28 contributes to vesicle transport and membrane dynamics within the cell.

SEC16B (SEC16 Homolog B): SEC16B is a gene involved in regulating protein trafficking within cells, particularly in the transport pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. It plays a role in protein secretion and is essential for cellular processes such as the ER stress response and protein quality control.

SERPINA7 (Thyroxine-binding globulin, TBG): SERPINA7 is a carrier protein produced mainly in the liver that circulates in the bloodstream. It binds to and transports thyroid hormones — primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) — ensuring their stable levels and delivery to tissues. This glycoprotein is essential for regulating the distribution of thyroid hormones, which influence metabolism, growth, and development. Changes in SERPINA7 levels or mutations in its gene can affect hormone availability and thyroid-related functions.

SLC1A7 (Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 7): SLC1A7 is a high-affinity glutamate transporter that assists in removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft. This process is vital for preventing excitotoxicity — a damaging condition caused by excessive glutamate leading to neuronal injury. Although it has been less studied than other glutamate transporters, SLC1A7 contributes to regulating glutamatergic signalling and may be significant in neurological disorders associated with disrupted glutamate neurotransmission.

SMARCA2 (SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix-Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily A, Member 2): SMARCA2 is a gene that encodes a core component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex. It plays a key role in regulating gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. Mutations in SMARCA2 are linked to disorders such as Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome, which involves intellectual disability and sparse hair. Its function is essential for proper gene regulation and development.

SPATA5 (Spermatogenesis-Associated 5) is a gene involved in spermatogenesis, the process of sperm development. It plays a crucial role in male fertility by supporting proper sperm formation. Mutations in SPATA5 have been associated with fertility issues and male infertility.

STAC (SH3 and Cysteine-Rich Domain): STAC is a protein — specifically STAC3 in humans — that plays a key role in skeletal muscle contraction. It is essential for excitation–contraction coupling, the process that links electrical signals to muscle movement. Mutations in the STAC3 gene can lead to Native American myopathy, a rare congenital condition marked by muscle weakness, skeletal abnormalities, and increased risk of malignant hyperthermia. Studying STAC3 is vital for understanding muscle physiology and related disorders.

STK32A (Serine/Threonine Kinase 32A): STK32A is a gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase — an enzyme that modifies proteins by adding phosphate groups. Such kinases are involved in key cellular processes, including signalling, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. The precise functions of STK32A are still under investigation, with research exploring its role in cell regulation and potential links to diseases such as cancer.

SYNDIG1 (Synapse Differentiation Inducing 1): SYNDIG1 is a protein involved in the formation and differentiation of synapses within the nervous system. It plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and neuronal communication, both vital for learning and memory.

TAFA1 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 1): TAFA1 is a small cytokine-like protein involved in immune regulation and neuronal communication. It belongs to a family of proteins that function as brain-specific chemokines or neurokines, playing important roles in the development and function of the nervous system.

TAFA3 (TAFA Chemokine Like Family Member 3): TAFA3 is part of a family of proteins similar to chemokines, involved in immune responses and inflammation. Although its specific role is not fully understood, TAFA3 is believed to help regulate immune cell activity and may contribute to neuroinflammatory processes.

TAP2 (Transporter 2, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member): TAP2 is a gene that helps regulate antigen presentation in the immune system. It transports peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This process is essential for adaptive immune responses.

TEK (TEK receptor tyrosine kinase): TEK, also known as TIE2, is a receptor tyrosine kinase primarily expressed in endothelial cells. It plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and the maintenance of blood vessel integrity. TEK signalling is essential for vascular development and has been implicated in various vascular diseases, including venous malformations and angiosarcoma. Its role in angiogenesis also makes it a target for cancer therapy, especially in tumours where the formation of new blood vessels is a key factor for growth and metastasis.

TENT5A (Terminal Nucleotidyltransferase 5A): TENT5A is an enzyme that catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of RNA molecules. It plays a role in RNA processing and modification. Although its specific functions are still being studied, TENT5A may influence important cellular processes.

TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4): TLR4 is a gene that encodes a protein belonging to the toll-like receptor family, essential for the innate immune system. It recognises bacterial lipopolysaccharides and plays a key role in triggering immune responses to pathogens. Dysregulation of TLR4 has been associated with various diseases, including sepsis, atherosclerosis, and autoimmune disorders.

TMC5 (Transmembrane Channel Like 5): TMC5 is a protein that belongs to the TMC family, a group believed to function as ion channels or transporters. Although its exact role remains unclear, TMC5 may contribute to sensory perception or the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Research is ongoing to clarify its function and potential significance to health and disease.

TRAPPC14 (Trafficking Protein Particle Complex 14): TRAPPC14 is a component of the TRAPP complex, which plays a crucial role in vesicular transport within cells. This protein helps regulate trafficking between membranous organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and endosomes. TRAPPC14 is part of the cellular machinery that ensures the precise delivery of cargo proteins and lipids across compartments, essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and function. Its role is particularly important in protein secretion, membrane formation, and organelle integrity.

TSPAN3 (Tetraspanin 3): TSPAN3 encodes a member of the tetraspanin protein family, which plays a role in cell adhesion, signaling, and membrane organization. Tetraspanins are involved in various cellular processes, including immune cell activation and cancer metastasis.

UBE3A (Ubiquitin Protein Ligase E3A): UBE3A is a gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme, which helps regulate protein degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. It plays a crucial role in normal brain development and function. Mutations in UBE3A are associated with Angelman syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by intellectual disability, developmental delay, and distinctive behavioural features.

UCN3 (Urocortin 3) is a peptide hormone belonging to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, primarily expressed in brain regions involved in stress regulation, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and brainstem. It acts as a neuromodulator, affecting stress and anxiety responses by binding to specific CRF receptors and modulating neuronal activity.