Health Markers

3-Hydroxykynurenine

3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-OH-kynurenine) is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. ...

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

5-Hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA) is the primary metabolite of serotonin, a key neurotransmitter. It is used clinically as a diagnostic marker, parti...

A-TG

Anti-Thyroglobulin (A-TG) antibodies are immune system proteins that attack thyroglobulin, a key protein in the thyroid gland essential for produci...

A-TPO

Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (A-TPO) antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system. They mistakenly target thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme crucial...

Adipate

Adipate, or adipic acid, is a component in lipid metabolism and a biomarker for certain metabolic dysfunctions, particularly those affecting fatty ...

Albumin

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma and plays a critical role in maintaining oncotic pressure, which helps keep fluid within...

ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver, bones, kidneys,...

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key compound in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for energy production in cells. It plays a crucial r...

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

ALT, or Alanine Aminotransferase, is an enzyme primarily found in the liver. It plays a crucial role in metabolizing proteins. When the liver is da...

ALT (SGPT)

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), formerly known as serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), is an enzyme primarily found in the liver. It plays a...

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in digestion. It is produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Amylase's primary function is to b...

Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is a ketone body produced by the liver from fatty acids during periods of low food intake, fasting, intense exercise, or...

Betaine

Betaine, found in foods like beets and spinach, plays several roles in the body. It acts as a methyl donor in methylation processes, helps regulate...

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the body as a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown. It travels to the liver, where it's processed an...

Blood (urine)

Blood in urine, medically known as hematuria, refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be visible, changing the urine's color...

Carnitine

Carnitine is a compound crucial for energy production, synthesized in the liver and kidneys. It transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria...

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is essential for making hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help ...

Cholesterol:HDL Ratio

The cholesterol-to-HDL ratio, often abbreviated as Chol:HDL ratio, is a calculation derived from dividing your total cholesterol number by your HDL...

Choline

Choline is an essential nutrient crucial for several bodily functions. It forms part of cell membranes, aids in the production of the neurotransmit...

Cis-aconitate

Cis-aconitate is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle, a key metabolic pathway involved in energy production in cells. It forms during the conversion...

Citramalate

Citramalate, or citramalic acid, is a metabolic byproduct and a urinary marker that can indicate bacterial dysbiosis or overgrowth. Its presence ca...

Citrate

Citrate is a key component in the citric acid cycle, crucial for energy production in aerobic organisms. It helps in breaking down carbohydrates, f...

CK (Creatine Kinase)

CK, or Creatine Kinase, is an enzyme found in the heart, brain, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. Elevated levels of CK in the blood can indicate...

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism, commonly used as an indicator of kidney function. It is generated from creatine, a mol...

CRP

C-reactive protein (CRP) testing measures the level of CRP in the blood, an indicator of inflammation in the body. Elevated CRP levels can signal a...

Cystathionine

Cystathionine is a non-protein amino acid, an intermediate in the metabolism of methionine and cysteine, two essential amino acids. It is a key com...

D-arabinitol

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol used as a biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring Candida infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. E...

D-dimer

D-dimer is a small protein fragment present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by fibrinolysis. It is typically undetectable or present on...

eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)

eGFR, or Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, is a test that estimates the rate at which the kidneys filter waste from the blood. It is calculated...

Ethyl malonate

Ethyl malonate, from a metabolic perspective, is significant as a biomarker for certain metabolic disorders. Elevated levels of ethyl malonate in t...

GGT

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in many organs throughout the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver. GGT plays a k...

Globulin

Globulin is a group of proteins in the blood that play various roles, including transporting hormones, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. They are als...

Glucose

Glucose, a simple sugar, is the primary source of energy for the body's cells. It plays a crucial role in metabolic processes and is critical for b...

GOT

GOT, or Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, is an enzyme found in various tissues of the body, with the highest concentrations in the liver. It plays a cru...

HbA1c

HbA1c, also known as glycated hemoglobin, is a form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to glucose. It provides a picture of average blood suga...

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein)

HDL, or High-Density Lipoprotein, is known as "good" cholesterol. It plays a crucial role in heart health by transporting cholesterol from other pa...

Homovanillic acid

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a metabolite resulting from the breakdown of dopamine, a key neurotransmitter. It serves as an important marker for asse...

hs-CRP

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that detects lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation in the...

hsCRP

hsCRP stands for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which is a blood marker used to measure inflammation in the body. High levels of hsCRP may in...

Hydroxymethylglutarate

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly in its form as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is crucial in human physiology, serving two pri...

IDO (enzyme)

IDO (Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) is an enzyme crucial in metabolizing the amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. It plays a key role ...

IgG Antibodies

IgG (Immunoglobulin G) is the most abundant type of antibody in the blood and plays a critical role in the immune system's long-term response to in...

IgM Antibodies

IgM (Immunoglobulin M) is a type of antibody that is produced by the body as a first response to infections, making it a crucial component of the i...

Isocitrate

Isocitrate is a crucial compound in the Krebs cycle, a key metabolic pathway for energy production in cells. It is formed from citrate and then con...

Ketones

Ketones are substances produced when the body breaks down fats for energy, a process that occurs when carbohydrate intake is low, such as during fa...

KMO (enzyme)

KMO, or Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, is an enzyme that plays a key role in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino ...

Kynurenic acid

Kynurenic acid is a metabolite produced in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It is known fo...

Kynurenine

Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. It serves as a precursor to several biologically significan...

Lactate

Lactate, commonly known as lactic acid, is a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, produced when the body breaks down glucose for energy without adequ...

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

LDL, or Low-Density Lipoprotein, is commonly known as "bad" cholesterol. It transports cholesterol particles throughout your body. LDL cholesterol ...

LDL/HDL Ratio

The measurement of histamine in stool is a diagnostic tThe LDL/HDL ratio is a crucial diagnostic marker used to assess the risk of cardiovascular d...

Leukocytes (urine)

Urinary leukocytes are white blood cells present in the urine. Normally, there are few or no leukocytes in urine; their presence often indicates an...

Malate

Malate, or malic acid, is a crucial compound in cellular metabolism, particularly in the Krebs cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria. It plays a ...

Methylmalonic acid (MMA)

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in the body during the metabolism of certain fats and proteins. It is a byproduct of the breakdown...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), is a crucial coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a vital role in cellular metabolism, particularl...

Nitrates (urine)

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds normally not present in significant amounts in urine. The presence of nitrates in urine often indicates a b...

Non-HDL Cholesterol

Non-HDL cholesterol is a measure of all the bad types of cholesterol, including LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein),...

Protein (urine)

Urinary protein, also known as proteinuria, refers to the presence of an abnormal amount of protein in the urine. Proteins, such as albumin, are vi...

PSA

PSA, or Prostate-Specific Antigen, is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and its levels in the blood can be measured to screen for prostate ...

PSA free

PSA, or Prostate-Specific Antigen, is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and its levels in the blood can be measured to screen for prostate ...

PSA ratio

The PSA ratio, or free-to-total PSA ratio, is calculated by dividing the level of free PSA (not bound to proteins) by the total PSA (free plus prot...

Pyruvate

Pyruvate is a key compound in cellular metabolism, formed as the end product of glycolysis when glucose is broken down. In the presence of oxygen, ...

Quinolinic acid

Quinolinic acid is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It is known for its ro...

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe)

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is a compound naturally occurring in all cells, formed from methionine and ATP. It's crucial for methylation processes,...

SAMe/SAH ratio

The SAMe/SAH ratio is a measure of the balance between S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in the body, reflecting cellula...

Suberic acid

Suberic acid, also known as octanedioic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid that in a biological and physiological context, is primarily significant as a ...

Succinate

Succinate is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, essential for energy production in cells. It helps convert nutrients into ATP, the cell's main ...

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is a blood test that measures the ability of transferrin, a protein in the blood, to carry iron. TIBC is an indi...

Total Protein

Total protein refers to the combined amount of albumin and globulin in the blood. Albumin, the most abundant protein in blood plasma, maintains onc...

Transferrin Saturation

Transferrin saturation is a blood test that measures the percentage of transferrin, a blood protein that binds to iron, which is actually bound to ...

Transglutaminase IgG

Transglutaminase IgG (tTG-IgG) is a specific antibody test used in the diagnosis of celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders. This test me...

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use right away into t...

Urea

Urea is a waste product formed in the liver through the metabolic breakdown of proteins. After its formation, urea is transported to the kidneys an...

Urine density

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine. It reflects the kidney's ability to...

Urobilinogen (urine)

Urinary urobilinogen is a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells, formed in the intestines from bilirubin and then excreted in the urine. No...

Vanillylmandelic acid

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite resulting from the breakdown of catecholamines like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It serves ...

Xanthurenate

Xanthurenate is a metabolite produced from the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Elevated levels of xanthurenate c...