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Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG), particularly as β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), is a compound that fulfils two crucial functions in the body. It is a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, essential for producing cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile acids. Furthermore, in the liver, HMG-CoA aids in the production of ketone bodies, which act as an alternative energy source during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or vigorous exercise when glucose levels are diminished.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage and supports immune function. It also plays a key role in maintaining healthy skin and blood vessels. Vitamin E is commonly found in foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Although deficiency is uncommon, it can lead to neurological problems.

Glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a vital role in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. It is essential for brain development and synaptic plasticity. However, excessive levels of glutamate can cause neuronal overstimulation, leading to potential neurotoxicity. This balance makes glutamate crucial for normal brain function while also linking it to various neurological disorders.

Edam cheese intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty digesting Edam cheese, a semi-hard cheese known for its mild and nutty flavour. Unlike an Edam cheese allergy, which involves the immune system and can provoke severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Those with Edam cheese intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, or nausea after consuming Edam cheese or products containing it.

Lactose intolerance is a digestive condition caused by reduced levels of lactase, the enzyme required to break down lactose — the sugar found in milk and dairy products. This deficiency can result in symptoms such as bloating, wind, and abdominal discomfort after consuming foods containing lactose.

Green tea intolerance is a condition that reflects an individual’s difficulty in digesting green tea, a widely consumed beverage known for its health benefits and antioxidant content. Unlike a green tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and more severe symptoms, green tea intolerance mainly causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

Dopamine is a crucial neurotransmitter that supports the brain’s reward and motivation systems. It plays vital roles in regulating mood, pleasure, focus, memory, and movement control. Imbalances in dopamine levels can impact mental well-being and are associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection (Trichomoniasis) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It affects both men and women, although symptoms are more commonly observed in women. This infection can cause irritation and increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.

Influenza B is a strain of the influenza virus that contributes to seasonal flu outbreaks, primarily affecting humans. Although generally less common than Influenza A, it can still cause significant illness, particularly in children and young adults. Testing for Influenza B is crucial for accurate diagnosis, timely treatment, and effective prevention during the flu season.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that aids in the breakdown of histamine, a compound involved in immune function, digestion, and nervous system activity. Maintaining healthy DAO levels is essential for regulating histamine balance and reducing the risk of histamine intolerance.

Kidney bean intolerance is a condition that affects some individuals’ ability to properly digest kidney beans, a common legume known for its high protein and fibre content. While kidney beans provide important nutrients, intolerance can lead to digestive discomfort and related symptoms.

Allergies to mice and rats are a common issue, particularly in laboratory settings or homes where these animals are kept as pets. Allergens from mice and rats—present in their urine, dander, and saliva—can become airborne and provoke allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.

Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is an Omega-6 fatty acid derived from gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and acts as a precursor to key eicosanoids. DGLA contributes to the regulation of inflammation and may help support cardiovascular health.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a metabolite that reflects the breakdown of dopamine, a key neurotransmitter in the body. HVA levels serve as an important marker for assessing dopamine activity. Variations in HVA can indicate changes in dopamine function and are used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments targeting dopamine metabolism.

The cholesterol-to-HDL (Chol:HDL) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the blood. This ratio is used to assess the risk of heart disease, with a lower ratio indicating a healthier balance and a reduced risk. It is often considered a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular health than total cholesterol levels alone.

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays a significant role in supporting health, although it is less well-known than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Found primarily in fish and seafood, DPA supports cardiovascular function, brain health, and overall well-being.

Sea buckthorn is a bright orange berry known for its tart flavour and rich nutritional content. It is commonly used in foods such as juices, jams, and supplements. However, some individuals may experience intolerance to sea buckthorn, which can cause discomfort when consuming products made from this berry.

Savoy cabbage is a variety of cabbage recognised for its crinkled leaves and mild flavour. It is a versatile ingredient used in many culinary dishes. However, some individuals may experience intolerance to Savoy cabbage, which can affect their ability to consume it comfortably.

Gluten intolerance, also known as non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting gluten — a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Unlike coeliac disease, which is an autoimmune disorder, or wheat allergy, which involves an immune response, gluten intolerance primarily causes gastrointestinal discomfort without triggering those immune mechanisms.

Nicotinic acid (niacin or vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, nerve function, and digestion. It is naturally found in foods such as meat, fish, and grains, and can also be produced from the amino acid tryptophan. A deficiency in nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra, a condition characterised by diarrhoea, dermatitis, and dementia.

Bifidobacterium is a key genus of beneficial bacteria that primarily inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract. They play an important role in supporting digestion, enhancing immune function, producing essential vitamins, and combating harmful microbes. Maintaining a balanced level of Bifidobacterium is essential for a healthy gut microbiome.

Pomegranate intolerance refers to a sensitivity that some people have to pomegranate, a vibrant and nutrient-rich fruit known for its sweet and tangy flavour. While pomegranate is enjoyed in many dishes and drinks, intolerance can cause discomfort and restrict its consumption for those affected.

Tramadol is a prescription opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and affecting neurotransmitters such as serotonin and noradrenaline, altering the perception of pain.

Oyster mushroom intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting oyster mushrooms, a popular edible fungus used in cooking. Unlike an oyster mushroom allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort. Individuals with this intolerance often experience symptoms such as stomach upset after consuming oyster mushrooms or foods containing them.

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a microscopic protozoan parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an intestinal infection characterised by prolonged and recurring diarrhoea. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions and has been linked to numerous foodborne outbreaks worldwide.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein primarily produced by the liver that helps protect the lungs and other organs from enzymes that cause inflammation. Measuring AAT levels in faeces can help detect intestinal protein loss and inflammation, assisting in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and protein-losing enteropathy.

Quinolinic acid is a metabolite in the kynurenine pathway, which is involved in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. It plays a key role as an excitotoxin in the central nervous system. Elevated levels of quinolinic acid have been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy, and certain psychiatric disorders including depression.

Calprotectin is a protein found in white blood cells that acts as a marker of inflammation, especially in the gut. Measuring calprotectin levels in stool helps evaluate the extent of intestinal inflammation. This test is valuable for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, and for differentiating them from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually does not cause elevated calprotectin levels.

Cantaloupe melon intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system, where individuals have difficulty processing cantaloupe melon — a sweet, hydrating fruit. Unlike an allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after consumption.

The noradrenaline/adrenaline (NA/A) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two key stress hormones — noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Both play vital roles in the body’s fight-or-flight response, influencing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy mobilisation. This ratio can shift in response to factors such as stress, physical activity, and overall health status.

Isocitrate is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for cellular energy production. It is formed from citrate and then converted into α-ketoglutarate, a step that helps generate NADH used for ATP synthesis. Isocitrate also links multiple metabolic processes, including the production of amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids.

Boiled milk intolerance is a condition that describes difficulty digesting milk that has been boiled or heat-treated through processes such as pasteurisation or sterilisation. Unlike a milk allergy, which triggers an immune response, boiled milk intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal discomfort such as bloating, wind, or diarrhoea after consumption.

SPINT2 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kunitz Type 2) is a gene that encodes a serine protease inhibitor involved in regulating key cellular processes such as growth, migration, and invasion. Also known as HAI-2, SPINT2 helps control proteolytic activity—particularly by inhibiting matriptase, a protease important for epithelial integrity and signalling. Disruption of SPINT2 function has been linked to tumour development and progression, underscoring its role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and cancer suppression.

CBS (Cystathionine beta-synthase): CBS is an enzyme essential for sulphur metabolism, playing a key role in converting homocysteine to cysteine. This process supports the production of glutathione, an important antioxidant for protecting cells against oxidative stress. CBS also participates in the transsulphuration pathway, which regulates sulphur-containing amino acids and hydrogen sulphide, a signalling molecule involved in various physiological functions. Proper CBS activity is important for maintaining cellular redox balance, vascular function, and neurotransmitter regulation. Dysregulation of CBS is linked to metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and cardiovascular diseases.

PRIMA1 (Proline Rich Membrane Anchor 1): PRIMA1 is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for anchoring acetylcholinesterase to neuronal membranes. This protein is crucial for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and plays an important role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmission. It is also significant in research into neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

The magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratio is a measure that reflects the balance between two essential minerals in the body — magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca). Both are vital for bone strength, muscle function, nerve signalling, and cardiovascular health. An imbalance in this ratio can affect bone density, heart rhythm, and overall neuromuscular function.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in cellular metabolism, particularly in redox reactions, by cycling between its oxidised form (NAD⁺) and reduced form (NADH). Beyond energy production, NAD⁺ is vital for cell signalling, DNA repair, and regulating gene expression, making it indispensable for maintaining cellular health and function.

AHI1 (Abelson Helper Integration Site 1) is a gene involved in ciliogenesis and cellular signalling, essential for proper brain development and function. Mutations in AHI1 are associated with Joubert syndrome — a rare genetic disorder marked by developmental delays, cerebellar malformations, and neurological impairments.

BTN3A2 (Butyrophilin Subfamily 3 Member A2) is a protein belonging to the butyrophilin family, which plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses. BTN3A2 is involved in the activation and differentiation of T cells, essential components of the body’s immune defence. It contributes to immune surveillance and has been associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer.

HTR2C (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2C) is a serotonin receptor subtype involved in regulating mood, appetite, and behaviour. It plays a key role in central nervous system (CNS) functions and is a target for certain psychiatric medications. Variations or dysfunctions in HTR2C have been linked to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, as well as metabolic disorders.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol commonly known as “good” cholesterol. It helps protect heart health by transporting excess cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver, where it can be eliminated from the body. Higher HDL levels are linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.

C10ORF67 (Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 67), also referred to as SASP, is a gene involved in regulating cell proliferation and migration. Although its precise molecular function remains unclear, it is associated with signalling pathways that affect cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This association underlines its potential significance in ageing, cancer development, and tissue regeneration.

Tiger nut intolerance is a condition that reflects the body’s reduced ability to properly digest tiger nuts — small, edible tubers often enjoyed as snacks or used in culinary dishes. Unlike a tiger nut allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction, intolerance primarily affects the digestive system, leading to symptoms such as bloating, wind, or abdominal discomfort after consumption.

BBX (Bobby Sox Homolog) is a transcriptional regulator that helps control cell proliferation and differentiation. It plays an important role in embryonic development and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms. Proper BBX function is essential for normal development and maintaining regular biological cycles.

HP1BP3 (Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binding Protein 3) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in chromatin structure and gene regulation. It interacts with components of heterochromatin, playing a role in genomic stability, DNA repair, and gene silencing. HP1BP3 may influence cellular differentiation and has potential implications in diseases such as cancer, where these processes are often disrupted.

Artichoke intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting artichokes. Unlike an artichoke allergy, which involves the immune system and can lead to more severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Those with this intolerance often experience symptoms such as bloating or stomach upset after consuming artichokes.

PIGN (Phosphatidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class N) is a gene involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, which attach certain proteins to the cell membrane. These GPI-anchored proteins are vital for functions such as cell adhesion, signal transmission, and immune system activity. Mutations in PIGN can impair GPI anchor formation, resulting in conditions characterised by developmental delays, neurological issues, and congenital defects.

Yeast is a type of fungus naturally found in the human body, especially in the gut and on the skin. In normal quantities, it is harmless and part of the healthy microbiome. However, an imbalance can cause overgrowth, which may lead to various health issues. Factors such as diet, antibiotic use, and overall health can influence yeast levels.

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid that plays a key role in maintaining overall health. Found primarily in plant oils such as linseed, soybean, and rapeseed, ALA supports cardiovascular function and cognitive well-being, making it an important part of a balanced diet.

Zirconium is a metal commonly used in dental implants and various consumer products. While pure zirconium is generally safe, some of its compounds can irritate the lungs if inhaled. Care should be taken when handling powders or sprays containing zirconium to prevent respiratory irritation.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a key marker of inflammation in the body. Unlike standard CRP tests, hs-CRP can detect subtle inflammation, making it particularly useful for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Raised hs-CRP levels may indicate a higher risk of heart disease, even when other risk factors are absent.

SSBP3 (Single Stranded DNA Binding Protein 3) is a protein that binds specifically to single-stranded DNA. It plays an important role in DNA repair and replication, helping to maintain genomic stability. By supporting the cell’s response to DNA damage, SSBP3 is crucial for proper cellular function and has potential implications in cancer biology.

DLG5 (Discs Large Homolog 5) is a protein that belongs to the Discs Large (DLG) family, involved in organising cellular structures and facilitating signal transmission at cell junctions. It plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial cells and may be linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease.

Arginine is an essential amino acid that supports blood circulation, wound healing, and immune system function. It plays a vital role in the production of nitric oxide, a molecule that relaxes and dilates blood vessels to enhance circulation. Arginine naturally occurs in foods such as red meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, nuts, and legumes. It is also widely used in supplements by bodybuilders and athletes to encourage muscle growth.

Black radish intolerance is a condition that reflects the body's difficulty in digesting black radish, a root vegetable known for its strong flavour and medicinal properties. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically leads to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach discomfort after consumption.

DCAF4 (DDB1 And CUL4 Associated Factor 4) is a key component of the CUL4-DDB1 ubiquitin ligase complex, which is responsible for tagging proteins for degradation through ubiquitination. This process is essential for regulating protein levels, maintaining cellular balance, and managing stress responses. DCAF4 helps determine which proteins are targeted, playing important roles in cell cycle control, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Disruptions in DCAF4 function can lead to cellular imbalances and have been associated with cancer and other diseases, underscoring its importance in proteostasis and cellular health.

Glycine is an amino acid that supports sleep quality, skin health, and overall recovery. As a building block of proteins, it plays a vital role in collagen production, wound healing, and maintaining healthy skin. Glycine is found in protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, and dairy, and is commonly used in supplements to promote restful sleep and tissue repair.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient that supports several vital functions in the body, including bone formation, blood clotting, and reducing inflammation. It plays a key role in metabolism by aiding the digestion and conversion of nutrients into energy. Additionally, manganese helps strengthen the body’s antioxidant defences. Good dietary sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, and teas. Although rare, manganese deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities and delayed wound healing.

Carob intolerance is a condition that affects the body’s ability to properly digest carob, a naturally sweet pod often used as a cocoa alternative in foods and drinks. Unlike a carob allergy, which triggers an immune response, carob intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, wind, or discomfort after consumption.

GPSM1 (G Protein Signalling Modulator 1) is a gene involved in regulating G protein signalling pathways, which are essential for cellular responses to external signals. It plays a role in cell polarisation and directional movement. GPSM1 has been studied for its potential involvement in cancer, particularly in tumour cell migration and invasion.

AGMO (Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in the breakdown of ether lipids. This enzyme contributes to the regulation of bioactive lipids, which influence cell signalling and inflammatory responses. Alterations in AGMO activity may be linked to lipid-related disorders and inflammatory conditions.

FDX1 (Ferredoxin 1) is a mitochondrial protein involved in electron transport, playing a key role in various metabolic pathways such as steroid hormone synthesis and cellular detoxification. It also contributes to the formation of iron-sulphur clusters — essential cofactors for numerous enzymes. Disruptions in FDX1 function can affect energy production and have been linked to mitochondrial-related diseases.

Nectarine intolerance refers to a sensitivity that affects the body’s ability to properly digest nectarines, juicy stone fruits closely related to peaches. This intolerance may cause digestive discomfort, such as bloating, wind, or stomach pain, in some individuals after consumption.

The secretory IgA (sIgA) level indicates the quantity of a key immune protein called Immunoglobulin A, predominantly found in mucosal areas such as the intestines, respiratory tract, and saliva. Secretory IgA plays a crucial role in the body’s primary defence by attaching to pathogens and blocking their entry, thereby helping to protect mucosal surfaces and support overall immune and gut health.

Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that supports vision, immune defence, skin integrity, and reproductive health. It plays a key role in low-light vision, maintaining healthy mucous membranes, and promoting normal growth. Found in foods such as carrots, sweet potatoes, leafy greens, liver, and dairy products, Vitamin A deficiency can lead to impaired vision, reduced immunity, and skin issues.

Xanthurenate is a metabolite produced during the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Its levels can indicate vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) status, as this vitamin serves as an essential cofactor in the process. Elevated xanthurenate may suggest a deficiency in vitamin B6.

Kiwi intolerance is a digestive condition characterised by difficulty in processing kiwi fruit. Unlike a kiwi allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can cause severe and immediate reactions, kiwi intolerance primarily results in digestive discomfort and symptoms after consuming the fruit.

C11ORF21 (Chromosome 11 Open Reading Frame 21) is a gene with a currently unclear or uncharacterised biological function. Although identified through genomic studies, its specific role in cellular activity and potential links to health or disease remain under investigation as part of ongoing research in human genetics.

Carp intolerance is a condition characterised by difficulty digesting carp, a type of freshwater fish commonly used in many dishes. Unlike a carp allergy, which triggers an immune system reaction and can cause severe symptoms, carp intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consuming carp or foods containing it.

Selenium is an essential mineral that supports thyroid function, a healthy immune system, and protects cells from oxidative damage. It plays a key role in combating infections and maintaining overall immune health. Selenium is found in foods such as Brazil nuts, fish, poultry, and whole grains. Maintaining adequate selenium levels is important for preventing cell damage and supporting immune defence, while deficiency can impair thyroid function and weaken immune response.

Perch intolerance is a non-allergic reaction to perch, a freshwater fish known for its mild flavour. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, perch intolerance typically involves difficulty digesting certain proteins or compounds in the fish, leading to gastrointestinal or other non-immune-related symptoms.

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that supports muscle endurance and exercise performance. It aids in the production of carnosine, a compound that buffers acid in muscles and reduces fatigue during high-intensity activity. Commonly found in meat, fish, and poultry, beta-alanine is also widely used in supplements to enhance workout capacity and delay muscle exhaustion.

Timothy grass pollen allergy is a condition caused by an immune reaction to the pollen of Timothy grass, a common grass species found in temperate regions and frequently used for hay. This allergy is a form of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with symptoms that typically occur during the grass’s pollination period, usually in late spring and early summer.

Black caviar intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system's ability to process black caviar — a salt-cured fish roe delicacy. Unlike a true allergy, which triggers an immune response, intolerance typically causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, nausea, or discomfort after consumption.

HbA1c (Glycated Haemoglobin) is a biomarker that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months. It forms when glucose binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells and serves as a key indicator for long-term blood sugar control. Elevated HbA1c levels suggest poor glucose regulation and are commonly used to diagnose and manage diabetes.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless and aid digestion and vitamin production, certain types can cause foodborne illness and gastrointestinal infections.

TPMT (Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase): TPMT is an enzyme that metabolizes thiopurine drugs, such as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine, which are used in autoimmune diseases and cancer treatment. Genetic variations in TPMT affect enzyme activity, influencing drug breakdown and toxicity risk. Individuals with low TPMT activity are at higher risk of severe bone marrow suppression. Testing TPMT helps adjust thiopurine dosage to reduce adverse effects and improve treatment safety.

Ramson (wild garlic) is a flavoursome and aromatic herb commonly used in cooking for its distinctive taste. While it offers culinary and potential health benefits, some individuals may experience ramson intolerance, which can lead to digestive discomfort or adverse reactions after consumption.

DES (Desmin) is a gene that encodes an intermediate filament protein essential for the structural stability of muscle cells. It helps maintain the integrity and function of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Mutations in DES are linked to muscle disorders, including myopathies and cardiomyopathies, emphasising its key role in muscle health.

Cocaine is a powerful illegal stimulant derived from the coca plant. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected, producing short-lived intense euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness. Cocaine use carries serious health risks including heart attacks, strokes, and addiction. It is known for its high potential for abuse and is classified as a Class A drug in the United Kingdom.

SPINK5 (Serine Peptidase Inhibitor, Kazal Type 5) is a gene that encodes a protein responsible for regulating enzyme activity in the skin. This protein helps maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and supports immune defence. Mutations in SPINK5 are associated with Netherton syndrome, a condition characterised by skin inflammation, scaling, and an increased risk of allergies.

SLC4A4 (Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 4) is a gene that encodes a sodium bicarbonate cotransporter involved in regulating the body’s acid-base balance. Predominantly expressed in the kidneys and pancreas, it plays a crucial role in bicarbonate reabsorption and pH regulation. Disruptions in SLC4A4 function can impair the body’s ability to maintain acid-base homeostasis, contributing to conditions such as renal tubular acidosis.

Lemon intolerance is a condition that involves difficulty in digesting lemons or lemon-based products. Unlike a lemon allergy, which triggers an immune response, lemon intolerance primarily causes digestive discomfort and gastrointestinal symptoms after consumption.

IRX6 (Iroquois Homeobox 6) is a gene that encodes a transcription factor from the Iroquois homeobox family, known for its role in early embryonic development. It contributes to the formation and patterning of organs and tissues, particularly in the heart and craniofacial regions. Alterations in IRX6 may be linked to developmental abnormalities and are of interest in studies of congenital and craniofacial disorders.

Savory intolerance refers to a sensitivity some individuals have to savoury, an aromatic herb valued for its bold and flavoursome taste. While savoury is commonly used to enhance a variety of dishes, those with this intolerance may experience discomfort when consuming it.

GSTM3 (Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 3) is a gene that encodes an enzyme from the glutathione S-transferase family, which is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances. It plays a crucial role in metabolising carcinogens, medications, and by-products of oxidative stress. Variations in GSTM3 may affect an individual’s susceptibility to cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other conditions linked to detoxification pathways.

ARRB1 (Arrestin Beta 1) is a protein that plays a key role in regulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling. It is involved in the desensitisation and internalisation of activated GPCRs, helping to switch off downstream signals. ARRB1 is important for processes such as sensory perception, neurotransmission, and hormonal regulation.

ESR1 (Estrogen Receptor Alpha) is a protein that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family and functions as a transcription factor. It plays a key role in mediating the effects of oestrogen, a steroid hormone, by regulating gene expression in various tissues. ESR1 is typically inactive in the cytoplasm but becomes active and moves to the cell nucleus upon binding to oestrogen, where it influences cellular processes.

VMP1 (Vacuole Membrane Protein 1) is a gene involved in autophagy, a vital cellular process responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular components. It plays a key role in the formation of autophagosomes, which help maintain cellular equilibrium. Dysregulation of VMP1 can disrupt cell homeostasis and has been associated with conditions such as pancreatitis and certain types of cancer.

EDNRA (Endothelin Receptor Type A) is a receptor that binds endothelins, peptides involved in regulating blood vessel constriction and blood pressure. It plays a vital role in cardiovascular function and may contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

GALNT13 (Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13) is a gene that encodes an enzyme involved in the initiation of O-linked glycosylation—a key post-translational modification process. It transfers N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to specific protein sites in the Golgi apparatus, affecting protein trafficking, secretion, and cell surface interactions. GALNT13 plays a role in cell signalling, adhesion, and immune response, with its dysregulation linked to diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders.

GTPBP10 (GTP-binding protein 10) is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cellular regulation through interactions with guanine nucleotides. As a member of the GTP-binding protein family, GTPBP10 is associated with processes such as protein synthesis, ribosome assembly, and mitochondrial function. Although its exact roles are still being studied, it may contribute to GTPase activity and play a part in maintaining cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis.

EPS8L3 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate 8-Like 3) is a gene associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway, which plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth, survival, and response to external signals. Its involvement indicates potential roles in cellular communication and cancer development. Further research may elucidate its functions and significance in disease progression and therapy.

CYP2C9 (Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily C Member 9) is an enzyme that plays a vital role in metabolising many drugs and natural compounds in the body. It helps the liver detoxify and eliminate these substances. Variations in the CYP2C9 gene can influence how individuals process medications, affecting drug effectiveness and side effects, which is important for personalised medicine and dosing decisions.

ARSB (Arylsulfatase B) is an enzyme responsible for breaking down certain glycosaminoglycans, particularly dermatan sulphate. Proper ARSB activity helps prevent the build-up of these molecules in tissues. Deficiency or mutations in ARSB lead to Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), a condition characterised by skeletal abnormalities, organ involvement, and other systemic effects from dermatan sulphate accumulation.

SORCS3 (Sortilin-Related VPS10 Domain Containing Receptor 3) is a protein that belongs to the VPS10 domain-containing receptor family, involved in protein trafficking and sorting within cells. It plays a key role in the nervous system by regulating the movement of proteins important for synaptic function. Changes in SORCS3 activity have been associated with neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.

Cashew nut intolerance is a condition that affects the digestive system’s ability to process cashew nuts, often causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a cashew nut allergy, which involves an immune response, intolerance usually results in symptoms such as bloating, wind, or stomach pain after eating.

DIO1 (Type 1 Deiodinase) is an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone activity by converting thyroxine (T4) — the inactive form — into triiodothyronine (T3), the active form. Found mainly in the liver, kidney, and thyroid gland, DIO1 plays a key role in maintaining optimal thyroid hormone levels and supporting tissue-specific metabolic responses.

Testosterone is a hormone that plays a vital role in the health of both men and women. In men, it is primarily produced in the testes and is crucial for the development of male reproductive tissues, as well as promoting muscle growth, body hair, libido, and mood regulation. In women, testosterone is produced in smaller quantities by the ovaries and adrenal glands, where it helps support bone strength, ovarian function, and sexual desire.

CWF19L2 (Cell Cycle and WD Repeat Domain-Containing Protein 19-Like 2) is a gene that encodes a protein with WD repeat domains, which are recognised for facilitating protein-protein interactions. While its exact function is not fully understood, it is believed to play a role in cellular signalling or regulatory processes, with ongoing research aimed at clarifying its specific contributions.